Study on the Morphodifferentiation and Anther Structure in Flowers of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn.
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摘要: 利用体视显微镜、半薄切片和超薄切片法对倒地铃(Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn.)雄花和假两性花开花过程及花药发育过程进行了观察和比较研究。结果显示:(1)花蕾发育早期,倒地铃雄花和假两性花的花蕾形态没有区别;花蕾发育后期,雄花雌蕊退化,假两性花雌蕊继续发育,花蕾外部形态出现差异;开花时雄花花药开裂,假两性花花药不开裂。(2)倒地铃雄花和假两性花均具四室花药,呈蝶形;花药壁细胞从外到内依次是表皮、药室内壁、中层(2层)和绒毡层;花药壁发育为基本型,绒毡层为单核分泌型,四分体为四面体型,花粉粒两核;开花时雄花和假两性花中层都有残留;小孢子液泡化时,绒毡层开始降解,两核花粉粒时,假两性花绒毡层降解较快。(3)雄花药室内壁次生加厚完全,裂口区发育,连接同侧花粉囊的连接组织降解,花药开裂;假两性花药室内壁次生加厚不完全,具唇形细胞,药隔细胞壁未降解,同侧花粉囊未连通,花药四室,不开裂;假两性花成熟花粉粒细胞质稀少,内壁不完整。本研究结果表明,倒地铃的雄花是由两性花在发育早期雌蕊停止发育形成的,假两性花则由两性花在发育晚期雄蕊功能退化造成的。Abstract: Flowering and stamen development in staminate and pseudo-bisexual flowers of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. were studied using stereomicroscopy, with semi-thin and ultra-thin sections. Results showed that:(1) At the early development of flower buds, no differences were observed between staminate and pseudo-bisexual flower buds. At the late development of flower buds, the staminate flower pistils had degenerated, but the pseudo-bisexual flower pistils were still developing. Thus, both types of flower buds could be distinguished by bud morphology. During anthesis, the staminate flower anthers were dehiscent, whereas those of the pseudo-bisexual flowers were not. (2) The anthers were tetrasporangiate in both types of flower. The wall consisted of an epidermis, endothelium, two middle layers and an uninucleate secretory tapetum. The development of the anther wall was basic. The microspore tetrads were tetrahedral. Mature anthers had the remnants of a middle layer in both types of flower. Tapetal cells of both types of flower began to degrade during microspore vacuolization; when pollen was two-celled, the tapetal cells in the pseudo-bisexual flowers degraded faster than those of the staminate flowers. (3) The fibrillar thickenings in the endothecium of the staminate flowers were well-developed. Two locules were formed by the dissolution of the septum before anther dehiscence. In the pseudo-bisexual flowers, only a few endothecium cells were thickened; mature anthers had lip cells and were not dehiscent, and the anthers had four locules due to septum indissolubility. Mature pollen grain cytoplasm was scarce, and the intine was not complete. In conclusion, at the early development stage of bisexual flowers, staminate flowers formed because the pistil stopped developing; however, at late development, pseudo-bisexual flowers formed because the anthers stopped developing.
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