Study on the breeding system and floral color change of four Lonicera species in the Qinling mountains
-
摘要: 以分布于秦岭的金花忍冬（Lonicera chrysantha Turcz.）、忍冬（L.japonica Thunb.）、葱皮忍冬（L.ferdinandii Franch.）和金银忍冬（L.maackii（Rupr.）Maxim.）为对象，通过定位观察、人工授粉实验、人为设置实验斑块的方法对忍冬属4种植物的开花生物学特性、繁育系统、花色变化现象、传粉过程进行了研究。结果表明，4种植物的单花花期、花部特征存在差异。人工授粉实验显示，4种植物均存在一定的花粉限制，自交不亲和。除葱皮忍冬外，其余3种植物随着花色由白变黄，花粉和花蜜报酬减少、雌雄生殖能力逐渐降低；葱皮忍冬花变色后花蜜量变化不显著，且仍保留较强的雌性生殖能力。变色花的保留被认为是植物的一种生殖策略，通过增大植物的花展示来扩大自身的吸引力，以吸引更多远距传粉者访花。人为控制白、黄花不同数量比的实验结果表明，大多数传粉者偏向访问白花（变色前的花），且白花提供的报酬量和黄花（变色后的花）数量显著影响传粉者的访花频率，即当花蜜量减少或黄花数量增多时，传粉者访花频率随之降低。因此，我们认为忍冬属4种植物的花色变化可能除了增大植物对远距传粉者的吸引力外，对近距传粉者的访花行为也可能具有一定的影响。当传粉者接近植株时，变色后的花可能暗示其花蜜（花粉）报酬已经发生变化，并驱使昆虫离开并飞向同株或异株植物新开放的报酬丰富的白花，这既有利于提高传粉者的觅食效率，又能降低植物同株异花授粉的几率，对忍冬属植物及传粉者都具有重要意义，是植物长期与授粉昆虫相互适应的反映。Abstract: We examined the floral biology, mating system, flower color change, and pollination process of Lonicera chrysantha Turcz., L. japonica Thunb., L. ferdinandii Franch. and L. maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. from the Qinling mountains via field observation, artificial pollination experiments, and artificial experimental patches. Pollen limitations and some differences in single-flower flowering and floral traits were observed among the species, which were all self-incompatible plants. Except for L. ferdinandii, all species changed their corolla color with decreasing pollen/nectar rewards and lost both male and female reproductive abilities. The nectar reward in L. ferdinandii did not alter significantly, and it retained strong female reproductive function. The retention of post-color change flowers might be a reproductive strategy of plants, in which an increase in floral display enhanced attractiveness to pollinators. The artificial control experiments showed that most pollinators preferred to visit the white flowers (pre-change flowers), and the amount of reward and number of yellow flowers (post-change flowers) significantly impacted pollinators' access frequency. That is, access frequency decreased with nectar reduction or increase in yellow flowers. These results indicate that flower color changes might increase plant attractiveness to distant pollinators, or have a certain influence on nearby pollinators. The post-change flowers might play a role in signaling to pollinators during their approach that the reward of nectar or pollen had changed, thus re-directing the insects to the sufficiently rewarded white flowers of homophyletic or heterologous plants. This could improve both the foraging efficiency of pollinators and reduce the chance of geitonogamy, which has important implications for the Lonicera species and their pollinators. These results show the reaction of plants and pollinators to long-term mutual adaptation.
-
Keywords:
- Lonicera /
- Breeding system /
- Floral color change /
- Nectar and pollen rewards /
- Geitonogamy
-
-
[1] 何亚平, 刘建全. 植物繁育系统研究的最新进展和评述[J].植物生态学报, 2003, 27(2):151-163. He YP, Liu JQ. A review on recent advances in the studies of plant breeding system[J]. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2003, 27(2):151-163.
[2] Wolfe LM, Sowell DR. Do pollination syndromes partition the pollinator community? A test using four sympatric morning glory species[J]. Int J Plant Sci, 2006, 167(6):1169-1175.
[3] Pérez F, Arroyo MT, Medel R, Hershkovitz MA. Ancestral reconstruction of flower morphology and pollination systems in Schizanthus (Solanaceae)[J]. Am J Bot, 2006, 93(7):1029-1038.
[4] Whittall JB, Hodges SA. Pollinator shifts drive increasingly long nectar spurs in columbine flowers[J]. Nature, 2007, 447(7145):706-709.
[5] Wu XL, Tan DY. Floral characters and breeding systems in the dimorphic annual plant Diptychocarpus strictus (Cruciferae)[J]. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, 2007, 45(4):538-550.
[6] Weiss MR. Innate colour preferences and flexible colour learning in the pipevine swallowtail[J]. Anim Behav, 1997, 53(5):1043-1052.
[7] Oberrath R, B hning-Gaese K. Floral color change and the attraction of insect pollinators in Lungwort (Pulmonaria collina)[J]. Oecologia, 1999, 121(3):383-391.
[8] Ida TY, Kudo G. Floral color change in Weigela middendorffiana(Caprifoliaceae):reduction of geitonogamous pollination by bumble bees[J]. Am J Bot, 2003, 90(12):1751-1757.
[9] Suzuki MF, Ohashi K. How does a floral colour-changing species differ from its non-colour-changing congener?-a comparison of trait combinations and their effects on pollination[J]. Funct Ecol, 2014, 28(3):549-560.
[10] Weiss MR. Floral color change:a widespread functional convergence[J]. Am J Bot, 1995:167-185.
[11] Schaefer HM, Schaefer V, Levey DJ. How plant-animal interactions signal new insights in communication[J]. Trends Ecol Evol, 2004, 19(11):577-584.
[12] Nuttman CV, Semida FM, Zalat S, Willmer PG. Visual cues and foraging choices:bee visits to floral colour phases in Alkanna orientalis (Boraginaceae)[J]. Biol J Linn Soc, 2006, 87(3):427-435.
[13] 张伟. 忍冬属五种药用植物研究进展[J]. 内蒙古中医药, 2015, 34(2):127-129. Zhang W. Study advance of five Lonicera medicinal plants[J]. Nei Mongol Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2015, 34(2):127-129.
[14] 兰佩, 沈效东, 朱强. 宁夏地区忍冬属植物观赏价值与景观应用研究[J]. 农业科技通讯, 2015(5):324-329. Lan P, Shen XD, Zhu Q. Study on ornamental value and landscape applicarion of Lonicera of Ningxia[J]. Bullenin of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2015(5):324-329.
[15] Zhang YW, Zhao XN, Huang SJ, Zhang LH, Zhao JM. Temporal pattern of floral color change and time retention of post-change flowers in Weigela japonica var. sinica (Caprifoliaceae)[J]. J Syst Evol, 2012, 50(6):519-526.
[16] Lázaro A, Vignolo C, Santamaría L. Long corollas as nectar barriers in Lonicera implexa:interactions between corolla tube length and nectar volume[J]. Evol Ecol, 2015, 29(3):419-435.
[17] Jabbari SG, Davis SL, Carter EJ. Interaction between floral color change and gender transition in the protandrous weed Saponaria officinalis[J]. Plant Spec Biol, 2013, 28(1):21-30.
[18] Ohara M, Higashi S. Effects of inflorescence size on visits from pollinators and seed set of Corydalis ambigua (Papaveraceae)[J]. Oecologia,1994,98(1):25-30.
[19] Barrett SC. The evolution of mating strategies in flowering plants[J]. Trends Plant Sci, 1998, 3(9):335-341.
[20] Lázaro A, Vignolo C, Santamaría L. Long corollas as nectar barriers in Lonicera implexa:interactions between corolla tube length and nectar volume[J]. Evol Ecol, 2015, 29(3):419-435.
[21] 刘芬, 李全健, 王彩霞, 连静静, 田敏. 濒危植物扇脉杓兰的花部特征与繁育系统[J]. 林业科学, 2013(1):53-60. Liu F, Li QJ, Wang CX, Lian JJ, Tian M. Floral characte-ristics and breeding systems of endangered species Cypripedium japonicum[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2013(1):53-60.
[22] Cruden RW. Pollen-ovule ratios:a conservative indicator of breeding systems in flowering plants[J]. Evolution, 1977:32-46.
[23] Zhang YW, Zhao JM, Yang CF, Gituru WR. Behavioural differences between male and female carpenter bees in nectar robbing and its effect on reproductive success in Glechoma longituba (Lamiaceae)[J]. Plant Biology, 2011, 13(S1):25-32.
[24] Narbona E, Ortiz PL, Arista M. Linking self-incompatibility, dichogamy, and flowering synchrony in two Euphorbia species:alternative mechanisms for avoiding self-fertilization?[J]. PloS One, 2011, 6(6):e20668.
[25] Dukas R, Real LA. Effects of recent experience on foraging decisions by bumble bees[J]. Oecologia, 1993, 94(2):244-246.
[26] Heinrich B. Foraging strategies of caterpillars[J]. Oecologia, 1979, 42(3):325-337.
[27] Pereira AC, da Silva JB, Goldenberg R, Melod GAR, Varassin IG. Flower color change accelerated by bee pollination in Tibouchina (Melastomataceae)[J].Flora, 2011, 206(5):491-497.
计量
- 文章访问数: 1268
- HTML全文浏览量: 1
- PDF下载量: 1700
下载:
