Abstract: Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development. This study conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of literature published between 2000 and 2021, retrieved from databases including CNKI, Wanfang, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and Web of Science using the keywords "Molybdenum fertilizer+wheat/maize/peanuts/soybean+yield/quality". The analysis examined the impact of Mo fertilization on the yield and quality of major grain crops (Triticum aestivum L. and Zea mays L.) and leguminous crops (Arachis hypogaea L. and Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in China. Results showed that Mo fertilizer application increased the average yield of maize, soybeans, and peanuts by 12.72%, with a significantly greater effect observed in soybeans compared to peanuts and maize. However, Mo fertilization did not result in a significant yield increase in wheat. The recommended application rates were 0–1 kg/hm² for maize, 0.6–0.8 kg/hm² for peanuts, and 0.4–0.6 kg/hm² for soybeans. Regional variations were evident, with the highest peanut yield observed in South China and the most pronounced soybean yield response in western China. Since 2000, the yield-enhancing effect of Mo fertilization has declined in soybeans while increasing in peanuts. Mo application also significantly improved protein content in maize, peanuts, and soybeans, as well as the fat content of peanuts and soybeans. Overall, the yield and quality benefits of Mo fertilization depend on crop species, application rate, timing, and regional conditions. Optimizing Mo fertilization strategies based on these factors is essential for sustaining yield improvements and enhancing agricultural product quality in China.