Abstract: Root aerenchyma serves as a vital conduit for internal gas exchange between root and shoot, while also playing a central role in mediating plant resistance to abiotic stress. This review synthesizes current understanding of the developmental mechanisms underlying root aerenchyma formation and examines its functional significance in enhancing resistance to waterlogging, heavy metal toxicity, drought, and nutrient deficiency. Particular attention is given to agronomic strategies that modulate aerenchyma development to improve crop performance, including enhanced resource use efficiency and yield stability. This review further outlines prospective research directions aimed at advancing the integration of root aerenchyma traits into breeding programs and optimizing cultivation practices for the development of high-performing, resource-efficient (crop) cultivars.