西藏特有种子植物多样性、分布格局及区系特征

王俊伟; 陈永豪; 拉琼

doi:10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.22298

西藏特有种子植物多样性、分布格局及区系特征

王俊伟^{1, 2,},
陈永豪^{1, 2},
拉琼^{1, 2, ,}

1.
西藏大学生态环境学院，青藏高原生物多样性与生态环境保护教育部重点实验室，拉萨 850000
2.
西藏雅尼湿地生态系统定位观测研究站，西藏林芝 860000

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（31760127）；西藏自然科学博物馆标本征集项目（16080082）。

详细信息

作者简介:
王俊伟（1994−），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为植物多样性（E-mail：jwyx12240315@126.com）

通讯作者:
拉琼: E-mail：lhagchong@163.com

中图分类号: Q948
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-12-23
- 修回日期: 2023-03-18
- 网络出版日期: 2023-11-06
- 刊出日期: 2023-10-29

Diversity, distribution patterns, and floristic characteristics of seed plants endemic to Tibet, China

Wang Jun-Wei^{1, 2,},
Chen Yong-Hao^{1, 2},
La Qiong^{1, 2, ,}

1.
Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Eco-environmental Protection of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, China
2.
Tibet Yani Wetland Ecosystem Positioning Observation Research Station, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, China

Funds: This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31760127) and Tibet Natural Science Museum Specimen Collection Project (16080082).

摘要

摘要:
基于西藏特有种子植物名录，结合物种自然地理分布信息，对西藏特有种子植物科属种多样性组成特征、物种生活型多样性、垂直海拔分布及县域尺度分布格局、属水平植物区系性质进行了分析，并对特有种热点地区进行了识别。结果显示，西藏特有种子植物有1 079种，隶属89科297属，特有性高，其中含20种以上的科为19个，含特有种最多的科为菊科；含10种以上的属有24个，含特有种最多的属为翠雀属（Delphinium）和小檗属（Berberis）。多年生草本植物在特有种中占绝对优势（66.4%）。从区系成分来看，温带性质的属占主导（61.6%）。东南部的墨脱县含特有种数量最多（271种）。总体上，西藏特有种子植物的空间分布格局极不均匀，喜马拉雅东南麓是丰富度最高的区域。西藏特有种子植物的海拔分布范围宽泛，集中分布在3000 ~ 4500 m，特有种丰富度在海拔梯度上呈单峰分布格局。本研究结果可为将来确定西藏植物多样性保护优先次序、红色名录制定及自然保护体系的建设提供参考。
- 特有种 /
- 多样性分布格局 /
- 植物区系 /
- 保护 /
- 西藏
Abstract:
Based on the list of endemic seed plants of Tibet, combined with the natural geographic distribution of species, the composition characteristics of family, genus, and species diversity, species life-form diversity, vertical altitude and county-scale distribution patterns, and floristic properties at the genus level were analyzed, with endemic species hotspots also identified. Results showed 1 079 species of endemic seed plants in Tibet, belonging to 89 families and 297 genera, with high specificity. Among the identified plants, 19 families contained more than 20 species, and Asteraceae contained the most endemic species. In total, 24 genera contained more than 10 species, with Delphinium and Berberis identified as the most endemic genera. Perennial herbs accounted for the highest proportion (66.4%) among endemic plants. In terms of floristic composition, temperate genera were dominant (61.6%). Medog County contained the largest number of endemic species (271 species). In general, the distribution pattern of endemic seed plants in Tibet was extremely uneven, with the southeast Himalayas showing the highest richness. The endemic seed plants also exhibited an extremely wide altitudinal range, showing a single-peak species-richness distribution pattern along the altitudinal gradient, concentrated at 3 000–4 500 m. The results of this study provide basic plant data to support the prioritization of plant diversity conservation in Tibet, the establishment of a red list, and the construction of a natural protection system in the future.
- Endemic species /
- Diversity disturbance patterns /
- Flora /
- Conservation /
- Tibet
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图 1 基于县域尺度的西藏特有种子植物多样性分布格局

Figure 1. County-level diversity patterns of endemic seed plants in Tibet

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 基于海拔梯度的西藏特有种子植物多样性分布格局

Figure 2. Elevation gradient-level diversity patterns of endemic seed plants in Tibet

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 西藏特有种子植物的生活型

Table 1 Growth forms of seed plants endemic to Tibet, China

生活型 Growth form		物种数 Number of species	百分比 Percentages / %
木本植物	乔木	65	6.0
	灌木	151	14.0
	亚灌木	16	1.5
	附生灌木	30	2.8
	木质藤本	12	1.1
草本植物	多年生草本	716	66.4
	二年生草本	7	0.6
	一年生草本	54	5.0
	攀援草本	7	0.6
	附生草本	18	1.7
	全寄生草本	1	0.1
	腐生草本	1	0.1

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表 2 西藏特有含20种以上科种子植物及其所占比例

Table 2 Percentages of families containing more than 20 endemic species in Tibet, China

科名 Family	物种数 Number of species	百分比 Percentage / %
报春花科	49	4.5
唇形科	25	2.3
豆科	57	5.3
杜鹃花科	65	6.0
禾本科	41	3.8
虎耳草科	37	3.4
菊科	126	11.7
苦苣苔科	24	2.2
兰科	30	2.8
列当科	38	3.5
龙胆科	24	2.2
毛茛科	107	10.0
蔷薇科	31	2.9
伞形科	25	2.3
石竹科	30	2.8
小檗科	42	3.9
杨柳科	22	2.0
罂粟科	48	4.4
紫草科	22	2.0
其他科	236	22.0

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表 3 含10种以上属西藏特有种子植物及其所占比例

Table 3 Percentages of genera containing more than 10 endemic species in Tibet, China

属名 Genus	物种数 Number of species	百分比 Percentage / %
柳属 Salix	20	1.9
楼梯草属Elatostema	13	1.2
蝇子草属Silene	12	1.2
乌头属Aconitum	29	2.8
翠雀属Delphinium	40	3.8
毛茛属Ranunculus	16	1.5
唐松草属Thalictrum	10	1
紫堇属Corydalis	39	3.7
虎耳草属Saxifraga	35	3.4
黄芪属Astragalus	27	2.5
棘豆属Oxytropis	14	1.3
凤仙花属Impatiens	12	1.2
树萝卜属Agapetes	16	1.5
杜鹃花属Rhododendron	37	3.5
报春花属Primula	35	3.4
龙胆属Gentiana	11	1.1
马先蒿属Pedicularis	32	3
小檗属Berberis	40	3.8
蒿属Artemisia	11	1.1
垂头菊属Cremanthodium	12	1.2
橐吾属Ligularia	11	1.1
风毛菊属Saussurea	29	2.8
秋海棠属Begonia	10	1
其他属	532	51

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表 4 西藏特有种子植物属的分布类型

Table 4 Distribution types of seed plant genera endemic to Tibet, China

分布类型 Area type	属数 Number of genera	百分比 Percentage /%
1. 广布	23	7.7
2. 泛热带分布	18	6.1
2-1. 热带亚洲、大洋洲（至新西兰）和中美洲至南美洲（或墨西哥）间断	2	0.7
2-2. 热带亚洲、非洲和中美洲至南美洲间断Disjuncted	2	0.7
3. 热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布	6	2.0
4. 旧世界热带分布	8	2.7
4-1. 热带亚洲、非洲（或东非、马达加斯加）和大洋洲间断	2	0.7
5. 热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布	15	5.0
6. 热带亚洲和热带非洲分布	3	1.0
6-2. 热带亚洲和东非或马达加斯加间断	2	0.7
7. 热带亚洲分布	18	6.1
7-1.爪哇（或苏门达腊）、喜马拉雅至华南、西南间断或星散	3	1.0
7-2. 热带印度至华南（特别是滇南）	1	0.3
7-4. 越南（或中南半岛）至华南（或西南）	1	0.3
热带成分（2 ~ 7-4）合计	81	27.3
8. 北温带分布	56	19.0
8-2. 北极-高山	6	2.0
8-4. 北温带和南温带间断分布	22	7.4
8-5. 欧亚和温带南美洲间断	3	1.0
9. 东亚和北美间断分布	10	3.4
9-1. 东亚和墨西哥美洲间断	2	0.7
10. 旧世界温带分布	19	6.4
10-1. 地中海、西亚（或中亚）和东亚间断	1	0.3
10-2. 地中海和喜马拉雅间断	2	0.7
10-3. 欧亚和南部非洲（有时还有大洋洲）间断	1	0.3
11. 温带亚洲分布	6	2.0
12. 地中海、西至中亚分布	1	0.3
13. 中亚分布	4	1.3
13-1. 中亚东部（或中部亚洲）分布	1	0.3
13-2. 中亚至喜马拉雅和华西南	9	3.0
14. 东亚分布	7	2.4
14SH. 中国-喜马拉雅	32	10.8
14SJ. 中国-日本	1	0.3
温带成分（8 ~ 14SJ）合计	183	61.6
15. 中国特有分布	10	3.4
总计	297	100.0

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