2018 Vol. 36 No. 3
2018, 36(3): 309-319.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2018.30309
Abstract：
The composition, floristic elements, and distribution of vascular plants in Wenchang area of Hainan Province were investigated and analyzed by field investigation and literature research. A total of 1397 vascular species from 201 families and 777 genera were recorded in Wenchang, among which 67 species belonging to 46 genera and 31 families were pteridophytes, 1330 species belonging to 731 genera and 170 families were spermatophyte, and 1183 species belonging to 634 genera were wild seed plants, including 25 rare and endangered species and 49 Hainan endemic species. At the genera level, tropical elements were dominant in the local flora, accounting for 93.23% of non-cosmopolitan genera. At the species level, tropical Asia and Chinese endemic species elements were dominant in the local flora, accounting for 46.65% and 12.01% of non-cosmopolitan species, respectively. In addition, village fengshui forests have preserved many local rare and endangered species, as well as ancient and famous trees, which play a significant role in the protection of local biodiversity. Thus, we recommend that the local government strengthen the protection of these forests.
The composition, floristic elements, and distribution of vascular plants in Wenchang area of Hainan Province were investigated and analyzed by field investigation and literature research. A total of 1397 vascular species from 201 families and 777 genera were recorded in Wenchang, among which 67 species belonging to 46 genera and 31 families were pteridophytes, 1330 species belonging to 731 genera and 170 families were spermatophyte, and 1183 species belonging to 634 genera were wild seed plants, including 25 rare and endangered species and 49 Hainan endemic species. At the genera level, tropical elements were dominant in the local flora, accounting for 93.23% of non-cosmopolitan genera. At the species level, tropical Asia and Chinese endemic species elements were dominant in the local flora, accounting for 46.65% and 12.01% of non-cosmopolitan species, respectively. In addition, village fengshui forests have preserved many local rare and endangered species, as well as ancient and famous trees, which play a significant role in the protection of local biodiversity. Thus, we recommend that the local government strengthen the protection of these forests.
2018, 36(3): 320-326.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2018.30320
Abstract：
Climate change is one of the main factors affecting the distribution and diversity of species and is attracting increasing attention. We used 19 climate factors downloaded from the World Climate Website, with 233 distribution samples of Sassafras tzumu Hemsl. obtained through online review and field surveys. Distribution patterns and changes in habitat during different periods were calculated using ArcGIS 10.2 and MaxEnt 3.3.2. Results indicate that the current distribution of S. tzumu is mainly affected by precipitation of the driest month and precipitation of the wettest month, with temperature seasonality and mean temperature of the wettest quarter also major influencing factors. In addition, the Hengduan Mountains, Wuyi Mountain, Tianmu Mountain, and Daba Mountain are the major distribution areas of S. tzumu. Current and future (2070) simulation results show that suitable S. tzumu habitat for the overall area is shrinking and moving northwards. With current climate change and industrial development, the distribution pattern of S. tzumu in several decades will be equivalent to that of the past 20 000 years.
Climate change is one of the main factors affecting the distribution and diversity of species and is attracting increasing attention. We used 19 climate factors downloaded from the World Climate Website, with 233 distribution samples of Sassafras tzumu Hemsl. obtained through online review and field surveys. Distribution patterns and changes in habitat during different periods were calculated using ArcGIS 10.2 and MaxEnt 3.3.2. Results indicate that the current distribution of S. tzumu is mainly affected by precipitation of the driest month and precipitation of the wettest month, with temperature seasonality and mean temperature of the wettest quarter also major influencing factors. In addition, the Hengduan Mountains, Wuyi Mountain, Tianmu Mountain, and Daba Mountain are the major distribution areas of S. tzumu. Current and future (2070) simulation results show that suitable S. tzumu habitat for the overall area is shrinking and moving northwards. With current climate change and industrial development, the distribution pattern of S. tzumu in several decades will be equivalent to that of the past 20 000 years.
2018, 36(3): 327-335.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2018.30327
Abstract：
Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. Maxim.) Harms from the nature sanctuary of Lingkong Mountain, Shanxi Province, was studied. Based on field investigation, the spatial distribution patterns of different age classes of A. senticosus populations were obtained by Ripley's K function using spatial point pattern analysis. The spatial relationship between the main shrub species was also studied and the spatial distribution patterns of the populations were visualized. Results showed that the number of young individuals in the Acanthopanax populations was large, and the diameter-scale structure was pyramid-like. Furthermore, the population was growing and could achieve continuous updates. The Ⅰ individuals of the A. senticosus population significantly aggregated at the small scale, and clump intensity gradually weakened with increasing age and spatial scale, finally showing a random distribution. The Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ individuals from the A. senticosus populations significantly aggregated at the full scale and the Ⅴ and Ⅵ individuals significantly aggregated at the small scale, with clump intensity gradually weakening with increasing age and spatial scale, finally showing a random distribution. Although A. senticosus was positively correlated with internal scale, it was not correlated with or negatively correlated with the main shrubs in the community at the small scale, but was negatively correlated at the macro scale. Studies have shown A. senticosus growth conditions are appropriate and can weaken intraspecific competition through mutual shelter effects. Nevertheless, there is strong competition with other species, with poor survival status, which is a disadvantage in the community.
Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. Maxim.) Harms from the nature sanctuary of Lingkong Mountain, Shanxi Province, was studied. Based on field investigation, the spatial distribution patterns of different age classes of A. senticosus populations were obtained by Ripley's K function using spatial point pattern analysis. The spatial relationship between the main shrub species was also studied and the spatial distribution patterns of the populations were visualized. Results showed that the number of young individuals in the Acanthopanax populations was large, and the diameter-scale structure was pyramid-like. Furthermore, the population was growing and could achieve continuous updates. The Ⅰ individuals of the A. senticosus population significantly aggregated at the small scale, and clump intensity gradually weakened with increasing age and spatial scale, finally showing a random distribution. The Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ individuals from the A. senticosus populations significantly aggregated at the full scale and the Ⅴ and Ⅵ individuals significantly aggregated at the small scale, with clump intensity gradually weakening with increasing age and spatial scale, finally showing a random distribution. Although A. senticosus was positively correlated with internal scale, it was not correlated with or negatively correlated with the main shrubs in the community at the small scale, but was negatively correlated at the macro scale. Studies have shown A. senticosus growth conditions are appropriate and can weaken intraspecific competition through mutual shelter effects. Nevertheless, there is strong competition with other species, with poor survival status, which is a disadvantage in the community.
2018, 36(3): 336-344.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2018.30336
Abstract：
Vegetation influences the energy balance of the Earth-atmosphere system in the global change and is a sensitive indicators of natural and human factors to environmental impact. Analysis of the status of surface vegetation cover and exploration of the driving forces that affect vegetation change will promote the restoration of regional ecology and the development of the regional economy and regional ecological civilization. This study was based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (MODIS-NDVI) combined with temperature and precipitation data from 11 meteorological stations in Baoji, as well as net primary productivity (NPP) and Baoji statistical yearbook data. We applied trend analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, and principal component analysis to analyze the vegetation in Baoji area from 2001 to 2013. The spatiotemporal evolution of vegetation cover in Baoji area under the dual effects of natural and anthropogenic driving factors was analyzed comprehensively. Results showed that: (1) From 2001-2013, the annual average NDVI in Baoji increased by 0.025/10 years, which was faster than the growth rate of vegetation coverage in the Three-North Shelter Forest Program (TNSFP) from 1982 to 2006. There were two high recovery periods of annual NDVI, that is, 2001 to 2002 and 2003 to 2004; (2) Overall, vegetation cover was mildly improved, followed by unchanged and moderately improved, severely and moderately degraded. The restoration of vegetation cover exhibited a steady increasing tendency (except individual areas of the study site); (3) Precipitation and NPP of natural factors were the main aspects restricting vegetation growth. Human factors had more influence on vegetation coverage of Baoji area than natural factors, contributing about 90% and showing a decreasing then increasing trend.
Vegetation influences the energy balance of the Earth-atmosphere system in the global change and is a sensitive indicators of natural and human factors to environmental impact. Analysis of the status of surface vegetation cover and exploration of the driving forces that affect vegetation change will promote the restoration of regional ecology and the development of the regional economy and regional ecological civilization. This study was based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (MODIS-NDVI) combined with temperature and precipitation data from 11 meteorological stations in Baoji, as well as net primary productivity (NPP) and Baoji statistical yearbook data. We applied trend analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, and principal component analysis to analyze the vegetation in Baoji area from 2001 to 2013. The spatiotemporal evolution of vegetation cover in Baoji area under the dual effects of natural and anthropogenic driving factors was analyzed comprehensively. Results showed that: (1) From 2001-2013, the annual average NDVI in Baoji increased by 0.025/10 years, which was faster than the growth rate of vegetation coverage in the Three-North Shelter Forest Program (TNSFP) from 1982 to 2006. There were two high recovery periods of annual NDVI, that is, 2001 to 2002 and 2003 to 2004; (2) Overall, vegetation cover was mildly improved, followed by unchanged and moderately improved, severely and moderately degraded. The restoration of vegetation cover exhibited a steady increasing tendency (except individual areas of the study site); (3) Precipitation and NPP of natural factors were the main aspects restricting vegetation growth. Human factors had more influence on vegetation coverage of Baoji area than natural factors, contributing about 90% and showing a decreasing then increasing trend.
2018, 36(3): 345-353.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2018.30345
Abstract：
Plant species of Compositae exhibit superior sexual reproduction. The introduction of Compositae species for ornamental use may cause a high invasion risk. In this study, we investigated the sexual reproductive traits of 12 ornamental Compositae species. The floral characteristics, pollen viability, pollination system, and seed production were compared among species to assess their sexual reproductive ability and invasion risk. Results showed that most plant species could reproduce without pollinators. In addition, 26 species of insects, categorized into six orders and 16 families, were observed to visit the experimental flowers. Bees were the most frequent pollinators, followed by butterflies and flies. Plant species differed in pollinator assemblage and visitation rate, as well as reproductive success. Considering pollen viability, pollination system and seed production, we regarded Rudbeckia hirta L., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg., and Sanvitalia procumbens Lam. to be successful in pollination and sexual reproduction in this region, with a high risk of invasion. By comparing the sexual reproductive traits among related species, we provide instructions for assessing the invasion risk of introduced plant species.
Plant species of Compositae exhibit superior sexual reproduction. The introduction of Compositae species for ornamental use may cause a high invasion risk. In this study, we investigated the sexual reproductive traits of 12 ornamental Compositae species. The floral characteristics, pollen viability, pollination system, and seed production were compared among species to assess their sexual reproductive ability and invasion risk. Results showed that most plant species could reproduce without pollinators. In addition, 26 species of insects, categorized into six orders and 16 families, were observed to visit the experimental flowers. Bees were the most frequent pollinators, followed by butterflies and flies. Plant species differed in pollinator assemblage and visitation rate, as well as reproductive success. Considering pollen viability, pollination system and seed production, we regarded Rudbeckia hirta L., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg., and Sanvitalia procumbens Lam. to be successful in pollination and sexual reproduction in this region, with a high risk of invasion. By comparing the sexual reproductive traits among related species, we provide instructions for assessing the invasion risk of introduced plant species.
2018, 36(3): 354-361.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2018.30354
Abstract：
Sinojackia huangmeiensis J. W. Ge & X. H. Yao is one of 120 plant species with extremely small populations (PSESP) in China. In this study, independent-sample t test and Bayesian analysis of variance were used to compare the environmental conditions, fruit morphological traits, and fruit element contents of the only remaining ex situ conservation population and one wild population in Huangmei, China. Results showed that the wild and ex situ conservation populations were both located in subtropical areas, with similar mean annual temperature and precipitation. Fruit length, width, and length-width ratio were larger in the ex situ conservation population than in the wild population, whereas fruit mass showed similar trends without significant differences. Intraspecific variations in both fruit length and width of the ex situ conservation population were higher than that fruits of the wild population, and the variations in elements (except Ni) in soil and fruit were inconsistent between the two populations. Our results suggest that the ex situ conservation of S. huangmeiensis is generally successful, but populations are small.
Sinojackia huangmeiensis J. W. Ge & X. H. Yao is one of 120 plant species with extremely small populations (PSESP) in China. In this study, independent-sample t test and Bayesian analysis of variance were used to compare the environmental conditions, fruit morphological traits, and fruit element contents of the only remaining ex situ conservation population and one wild population in Huangmei, China. Results showed that the wild and ex situ conservation populations were both located in subtropical areas, with similar mean annual temperature and precipitation. Fruit length, width, and length-width ratio were larger in the ex situ conservation population than in the wild population, whereas fruit mass showed similar trends without significant differences. Intraspecific variations in both fruit length and width of the ex situ conservation population were higher than that fruits of the wild population, and the variations in elements (except Ni) in soil and fruit were inconsistent between the two populations. Our results suggest that the ex situ conservation of S. huangmeiensis is generally successful, but populations are small.
2018, 36(3): 362-369.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2018.30362
Abstract：
To investigate bamboo cluster control by removal, we established four density gradients of the dwarf bamboo (density 1: (3.83±0.53) ramet/m2; density 2: (16±1.80) ramet/m2; density 3: (39±1.69) ramet/m2; density 4: (69±2.15) ramet/m2) to determine different microenvironment measures (soil temperature, soil humidity, soil conductivity, and litter thickness) under different densities and clarify the influence of bamboo density and microenvironment on seedling number, seedling survival, and growth of dominant species Carpinus viminea. Results showed significant differences in environmental factors under different bamboo densities. With the increase in bamboo density, litter thickness, soil temperature, and soil moisture were significantly increased. In contrast, the number of seedlings of C. viminea significantly decreased, with the distribution of seedlings in the four population gradients ranked as: density 1 (28.53±3.14) ind/m2 > density 2 (17.36±1.45) ind/m2 > density 3 (12.36±0.93) ind/m2 > density 4 (8.92±0.93) ind/m2, indicating a stronger inhibitory effect on seedling germination with the increase in density. Thus, the density of the dwarf bamboo affected the survival rate and growth of C. viminea seedlings. Our results showed that dense dwarf bamboo not only inhibited seedling distribution and seedling growth of C. viminea, but also had a negative impact on population regeneration and succession of forest communities.
To investigate bamboo cluster control by removal, we established four density gradients of the dwarf bamboo (density 1: (3.83±0.53) ramet/m2; density 2: (16±1.80) ramet/m2; density 3: (39±1.69) ramet/m2; density 4: (69±2.15) ramet/m2) to determine different microenvironment measures (soil temperature, soil humidity, soil conductivity, and litter thickness) under different densities and clarify the influence of bamboo density and microenvironment on seedling number, seedling survival, and growth of dominant species Carpinus viminea. Results showed significant differences in environmental factors under different bamboo densities. With the increase in bamboo density, litter thickness, soil temperature, and soil moisture were significantly increased. In contrast, the number of seedlings of C. viminea significantly decreased, with the distribution of seedlings in the four population gradients ranked as: density 1 (28.53±3.14) ind/m2 > density 2 (17.36±1.45) ind/m2 > density 3 (12.36±0.93) ind/m2 > density 4 (8.92±0.93) ind/m2, indicating a stronger inhibitory effect on seedling germination with the increase in density. Thus, the density of the dwarf bamboo affected the survival rate and growth of C. viminea seedlings. Our results showed that dense dwarf bamboo not only inhibited seedling distribution and seedling growth of C. viminea, but also had a negative impact on population regeneration and succession of forest communities.
2018, 36(3): 370-380.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2018.30370
Abstract：
In the present study, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of relative soil water content on photosynthetic rate, leaf anatomy, biomass, and polysaccharide content in Bletilla striata (Thunb. ex A. Murray) Rchb. f.. Our results showed that drought stress decreased the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, PSⅡ activity, and chlorophyll content, thinned the mesophyll, thickened the adaxial epidermis, and decreased the biomass and polysaccharide content of B. striata. The reduction in stomatal conductance was largely responsible for the decline in photosynthetic capacity in B. striata under drought stress. This, in turn, led to the reduction of biomass and polysaccharide content, and eventually affected the quality and yield of B. striata.
In the present study, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of relative soil water content on photosynthetic rate, leaf anatomy, biomass, and polysaccharide content in Bletilla striata (Thunb. ex A. Murray) Rchb. f.. Our results showed that drought stress decreased the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, PSⅡ activity, and chlorophyll content, thinned the mesophyll, thickened the adaxial epidermis, and decreased the biomass and polysaccharide content of B. striata. The reduction in stomatal conductance was largely responsible for the decline in photosynthetic capacity in B. striata under drought stress. This, in turn, led to the reduction of biomass and polysaccharide content, and eventually affected the quality and yield of B. striata.
2018, 36(3): 381-392.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2018.30381
Abstract：
The physiology and storability of the new yellow-fleshed varieties of Actinidia chinensis Planch. ‘Jinyuan’ produced from Wuhan and Liupanshui orchards under low-temperature storage (1℃±0.5℃, relative humidity 90%-95%) were systematically studied. Results showed that the fruit firmness, fruit color angle (h value), soluble solids content (SSC), and dry matter content of ‘Jinyuan’ in Wuhan and Liupanshui shared the same trends. The fruit firmness and h values decreased sharply in the first 20 d after harvest (DAH), and then decreased slowly until the end of storage. The SSC had the largest increase rate in the first 20 DAH and reached the maximum level at 60 DAH, after which it became stable. The dry content of ‘Jinyuan’ changed stably through the entire storage period. However, the vitamin C (VC) contents in ‘Jinyuan’ from Wuhan and Liupanshui orchards were dramatically different. The VC content of ‘Jinyuan’ from Wuhan showed a declining-sharply rising-declining trend and reached the maximum level at 80 DAH. The VC content of ‘Jinyuan’ from Liupanshui showed a rising-declining-rising trend and reached the minimum level at 80 DAH. The SSC and SSC/TA of ‘Jinyuan’ from both Wuhan and Liupanshui reached the maximum level at 80 DAH. The SSC/TA of ‘Jinyuan’ from Wuhan continued to increase after 80 DAH, whereas the SSC/TA of ‘Jinyuan’ from Liupanshui decreased. Generally, the value of titratable acid (TA) showed a declining trend during the entire storage period. The weight loss rate of ‘Jinyuan’ from Wuhan and Liupanshui showed slow increasing trends, which only reached 2.82% and 2.55% at 160 DAH, respectively. The rot rates of ‘Jinyuan’ from Wuhan and Liupanshui were lower than that of other fruits during the first 60 d, and then began to rise. At 160 DAH, the rot rate of ‘Jinyuan’ from Liupanshui was 1.77 times that of ‘Jinyuan’ from Wuhan.
The physiology and storability of the new yellow-fleshed varieties of Actinidia chinensis Planch. ‘Jinyuan’ produced from Wuhan and Liupanshui orchards under low-temperature storage (1℃±0.5℃, relative humidity 90%-95%) were systematically studied. Results showed that the fruit firmness, fruit color angle (h value), soluble solids content (SSC), and dry matter content of ‘Jinyuan’ in Wuhan and Liupanshui shared the same trends. The fruit firmness and h values decreased sharply in the first 20 d after harvest (DAH), and then decreased slowly until the end of storage. The SSC had the largest increase rate in the first 20 DAH and reached the maximum level at 60 DAH, after which it became stable. The dry content of ‘Jinyuan’ changed stably through the entire storage period. However, the vitamin C (VC) contents in ‘Jinyuan’ from Wuhan and Liupanshui orchards were dramatically different. The VC content of ‘Jinyuan’ from Wuhan showed a declining-sharply rising-declining trend and reached the maximum level at 80 DAH. The VC content of ‘Jinyuan’ from Liupanshui showed a rising-declining-rising trend and reached the minimum level at 80 DAH. The SSC and SSC/TA of ‘Jinyuan’ from both Wuhan and Liupanshui reached the maximum level at 80 DAH. The SSC/TA of ‘Jinyuan’ from Wuhan continued to increase after 80 DAH, whereas the SSC/TA of ‘Jinyuan’ from Liupanshui decreased. Generally, the value of titratable acid (TA) showed a declining trend during the entire storage period. The weight loss rate of ‘Jinyuan’ from Wuhan and Liupanshui showed slow increasing trends, which only reached 2.82% and 2.55% at 160 DAH, respectively. The rot rates of ‘Jinyuan’ from Wuhan and Liupanshui were lower than that of other fruits during the first 60 d, and then began to rise. At 160 DAH, the rot rate of ‘Jinyuan’ from Liupanshui was 1.77 times that of ‘Jinyuan’ from Wuhan.
2018, 36(3): 393-401.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2018.30393
Abstract：
Desert karst habitats are an important factor restricting the growth of karst plants. High temperature and drought stress caused by extreme climatic events bring new challenges to the adaptation of karst moss plants to environmental changes. In this study, we simulated high temperature and drought stress experiments to investigate the physiological changes and adaptability of epilithic moss (Homomallium simlaense (Mitt.) Broth. Mitt) under stress conditions in the karst environment. Results showed that the physiological and biochemical indices of H. simlaense exhibited significant positive correlations with the relative water content in plants under high temperature and drought treatment. The MDA, osmotic adjustment substances, and chlorophyll content decreased with decreasing moss water content and with increasing temperature and drought treatment duration. However, H. simlaense maintained a higher soluble sugar concentration to maintain the balance of osmotic pressure. In addition, H. simlaense also survived extreme drought and high temperature stress by decreasing physiological activity and maintaining soluble sugar content within a certain range. At the same time, the MDA content was at the lowest level. Restoring water after drought, the osmotic adjustment substances and MDA contents were higher than that of plants under continual high temperature and drought stress, and the photosynthetic capacity also recovered rapidly. Results suggested that the adaptation of H. simlaense to drought and high temperature may be closely related to increasing MDA content. Thus, H. simlaense showed resistance to high temperature and drought stress partly due to its long-term residence in harsh karst environments.
Desert karst habitats are an important factor restricting the growth of karst plants. High temperature and drought stress caused by extreme climatic events bring new challenges to the adaptation of karst moss plants to environmental changes. In this study, we simulated high temperature and drought stress experiments to investigate the physiological changes and adaptability of epilithic moss (Homomallium simlaense (Mitt.) Broth. Mitt) under stress conditions in the karst environment. Results showed that the physiological and biochemical indices of H. simlaense exhibited significant positive correlations with the relative water content in plants under high temperature and drought treatment. The MDA, osmotic adjustment substances, and chlorophyll content decreased with decreasing moss water content and with increasing temperature and drought treatment duration. However, H. simlaense maintained a higher soluble sugar concentration to maintain the balance of osmotic pressure. In addition, H. simlaense also survived extreme drought and high temperature stress by decreasing physiological activity and maintaining soluble sugar content within a certain range. At the same time, the MDA content was at the lowest level. Restoring water after drought, the osmotic adjustment substances and MDA contents were higher than that of plants under continual high temperature and drought stress, and the photosynthetic capacity also recovered rapidly. Results suggested that the adaptation of H. simlaense to drought and high temperature may be closely related to increasing MDA content. Thus, H. simlaense showed resistance to high temperature and drought stress partly due to its long-term residence in harsh karst environments.
2018, 36(3): 402-410.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2018.30402
Abstract：
We focused on the full-length cDNA encoding ASR protein isolated from a Ipomoea pes-caprae (Linn.) Sweet. cDNA library. Results showed the coding region of IpASR cDNA was 648 bp, encoding a 215 amino acid protein with a molecular weight of 24.57 kD and isoelectric point of 5.42. By ectopic expression of IpASR in yeast, we found that IpASR improved the salt and H2O2 tolerance of transgenic yeast strains. Using adult plants and seedlings of I. pes-caprae with or without abiotic stress and ABA treatment, real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that IpASR was widely expressed in different adult organs in I. pes-caprae. The IpASR transcript was induced under abiotic stress and ABA treatment. The subcellular localization assay combining bioinformatics analysis showed that IpASR was a nucleoprotein. These results suggest that IpASR might play an important role in the regulation of I. pes-caprae growth and development, and therefore respond to environmental abiotic stress and the ABA signal pathway.
We focused on the full-length cDNA encoding ASR protein isolated from a Ipomoea pes-caprae (Linn.) Sweet. cDNA library. Results showed the coding region of IpASR cDNA was 648 bp, encoding a 215 amino acid protein with a molecular weight of 24.57 kD and isoelectric point of 5.42. By ectopic expression of IpASR in yeast, we found that IpASR improved the salt and H2O2 tolerance of transgenic yeast strains. Using adult plants and seedlings of I. pes-caprae with or without abiotic stress and ABA treatment, real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that IpASR was widely expressed in different adult organs in I. pes-caprae. The IpASR transcript was induced under abiotic stress and ABA treatment. The subcellular localization assay combining bioinformatics analysis showed that IpASR was a nucleoprotein. These results suggest that IpASR might play an important role in the regulation of I. pes-caprae growth and development, and therefore respond to environmental abiotic stress and the ABA signal pathway.
2018, 36(3): 411-419.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2018.30411
Abstract：
We investigated the effects on growth, lipid content, and fatty acid profiles of Tribonema utriculosum SAG22.94 cultured under four different initial nitrogen concentrations (18.0, 3.0, 1.0, and 0 mmol/L). Results showed that the unbranched filaments were composed of cylindrical cells 9-15 μm wide and 17-29 μm long. The highest biomass concentration of T. utriculosum SAG22.94 cultured at a nitrogen concentration of 3.0 mmol/L was 6.39 g/L. The highest total lipid and total fatty acid contents were 44.62% and 42.21% of dry cell weight, respectively, when the filamentous microalgae were cultured under a nitrogen concentration of 18.0 mmol/L. The highest biomass and lipid and fatty acid productivities of 0.538, 0.209, and 0.206 g·L-1·d-1 were obtained under a nitrogen concentration of 3.0 mmol/L. Interestingly, total lipid and total fatty acid contents increased with the increase in nitrogen concentration within a certain threshold. In addition, the main fatty acid components of Tribonema utriculosum SAG22.94 were myristic acid (C14∶0), palmitic acid (C16∶0), palmitoleic acid (C16∶1ω7), arachidonic acid (C20∶4ω6), and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20∶5ω3, EPA). Among them, palmitoleic acid (C16∶1ω7) was the dominant fatty acid and accounted for 36.53%-50.08% of total fatty acids. In short, T.utriculosum SAG22.94 is a promising oleaginous filamentous microalga, with a unique lipid accumulation pattern.
We investigated the effects on growth, lipid content, and fatty acid profiles of Tribonema utriculosum SAG22.94 cultured under four different initial nitrogen concentrations (18.0, 3.0, 1.0, and 0 mmol/L). Results showed that the unbranched filaments were composed of cylindrical cells 9-15 μm wide and 17-29 μm long. The highest biomass concentration of T. utriculosum SAG22.94 cultured at a nitrogen concentration of 3.0 mmol/L was 6.39 g/L. The highest total lipid and total fatty acid contents were 44.62% and 42.21% of dry cell weight, respectively, when the filamentous microalgae were cultured under a nitrogen concentration of 18.0 mmol/L. The highest biomass and lipid and fatty acid productivities of 0.538, 0.209, and 0.206 g·L-1·d-1 were obtained under a nitrogen concentration of 3.0 mmol/L. Interestingly, total lipid and total fatty acid contents increased with the increase in nitrogen concentration within a certain threshold. In addition, the main fatty acid components of Tribonema utriculosum SAG22.94 were myristic acid (C14∶0), palmitic acid (C16∶0), palmitoleic acid (C16∶1ω7), arachidonic acid (C20∶4ω6), and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20∶5ω3, EPA). Among them, palmitoleic acid (C16∶1ω7) was the dominant fatty acid and accounted for 36.53%-50.08% of total fatty acids. In short, T.utriculosum SAG22.94 is a promising oleaginous filamentous microalga, with a unique lipid accumulation pattern.
2018, 36(3): 420-430.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2018.30420
Abstract：
To determine the effects of different initial combined concentrations of N, P and S on the growth, lipid accumulation, and fatty acid compositions of Eustigmatos cf. polyphem D. J. Hibberd, we cultivated the algae in modified BG-11 medium containing different combined concentrations of nutrients (sodium nitrate, dipotassium phosphate, and magnesium sulfate used as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) sources, respectively). Biomass concentration, total lipid content, fatty acid composition, and primary intracellular nutrient element content were measured by dry weight, gravimetrics, gas chromatography, and elemental analyzer, respectively. Results showed that different initial combinations of N, P, and S significantly affected the growth, lipid accumulation, and fatty acid composition of E. cf. polyphem. The highest biomass concentration reached 9.19 g/L under 9 mmol/L NaNO3, 0.92 mmol/L K2HPO4, and 0.3 mmol/L MgSO4. Low N or P stress or combined low N and P stress promoted lipid accumulation, though there was no obvious influence on lipid accumulation under low S stress. The highest total lipid content reached 68.7% of dry weight under 3 mmol/L NaNO3, 0.029 mmol/L K2HPO4, and 0.3 mmol/L MgSO4. The E.cf.polyphem fatty acids were rich in palmitoleic acid, with relative amounts reaching 60.88% of total fatty acid. Thus, reasonable combined concentrations of N, P, and S effectively promoted growth and lipid and palmitoleic acid accumulation of E. cf. polyphem.
To determine the effects of different initial combined concentrations of N, P and S on the growth, lipid accumulation, and fatty acid compositions of Eustigmatos cf. polyphem D. J. Hibberd, we cultivated the algae in modified BG-11 medium containing different combined concentrations of nutrients (sodium nitrate, dipotassium phosphate, and magnesium sulfate used as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) sources, respectively). Biomass concentration, total lipid content, fatty acid composition, and primary intracellular nutrient element content were measured by dry weight, gravimetrics, gas chromatography, and elemental analyzer, respectively. Results showed that different initial combinations of N, P, and S significantly affected the growth, lipid accumulation, and fatty acid composition of E. cf. polyphem. The highest biomass concentration reached 9.19 g/L under 9 mmol/L NaNO3, 0.92 mmol/L K2HPO4, and 0.3 mmol/L MgSO4. Low N or P stress or combined low N and P stress promoted lipid accumulation, though there was no obvious influence on lipid accumulation under low S stress. The highest total lipid content reached 68.7% of dry weight under 3 mmol/L NaNO3, 0.029 mmol/L K2HPO4, and 0.3 mmol/L MgSO4. The E.cf.polyphem fatty acids were rich in palmitoleic acid, with relative amounts reaching 60.88% of total fatty acid. Thus, reasonable combined concentrations of N, P, and S effectively promoted growth and lipid and palmitoleic acid accumulation of E. cf. polyphem.
2018, 36(3): 431-439.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2018.30431
Abstract：
To study the allelopathic autotoxicity of residues in the process of harvesting Panax notoginseng, the changes in soil saponins in pot experiments were examined by adding the different concentrations of root residues. The ultrastructures of the roots in the hydroponic experiment were observed. Results showed that the content of total saponins in soil declined and species increased with increasing time. In the hydroponic experiment, with the increase in time and concentration, the cell walls of Panax notoginseng roots thickened and cell mycelia appeared. In addition, the cells began to shrink or even break, and no complete organelles emerged in the cell structure. Results suggested that the chemical substances produced by decomposing fibrils may be another factor that causes the allelopathic autotoxicity of Panax notoginseng.
To study the allelopathic autotoxicity of residues in the process of harvesting Panax notoginseng, the changes in soil saponins in pot experiments were examined by adding the different concentrations of root residues. The ultrastructures of the roots in the hydroponic experiment were observed. Results showed that the content of total saponins in soil declined and species increased with increasing time. In the hydroponic experiment, with the increase in time and concentration, the cell walls of Panax notoginseng roots thickened and cell mycelia appeared. In addition, the cells began to shrink or even break, and no complete organelles emerged in the cell structure. Results suggested that the chemical substances produced by decomposing fibrils may be another factor that causes the allelopathic autotoxicity of Panax notoginseng.
2018, 36(3): 440-451.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2018.30440
Abstract：
The Ormosia genus belongs to Fabaceae and includes 130 woody plant species worldwide. Currently, 37 species are found in China, with Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Hainan the main distribution areas. This genus has poor natural regeneration ability in the field and strict habitat requirements, distributed within a narrow range. Ormosia exhibits low seed production and late reproductive age. Most Ormosia species have extremely high economic, development and utilization value. For example, its wood is a top-grade material for furniture, ornaments, and sculptures. Thus, human disturbance and illegal logging are serious issues, resulting in shrinking distribution range and decreasing wild populations due to ongoing habitat loss and fragmentation. We surveyed papers published by scholars in mainland China from 1978-2016. We searched titles, abstracts, and key words of the 37 species in China in three Chinese journal databases and Google scholar. In total, we found 153 papers on Ormosia species biology research, among which 134 papers were published in Chinese journals, with the remaining 18 published in international journals. Based on the literature review, this article summarized the research results on the ecological characteristics, tissue culture, physiology, biochemistry, genetics, endangered status, and protection strategies of the genus to further future study of Ormosia and save of these species.
The Ormosia genus belongs to Fabaceae and includes 130 woody plant species worldwide. Currently, 37 species are found in China, with Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Hainan the main distribution areas. This genus has poor natural regeneration ability in the field and strict habitat requirements, distributed within a narrow range. Ormosia exhibits low seed production and late reproductive age. Most Ormosia species have extremely high economic, development and utilization value. For example, its wood is a top-grade material for furniture, ornaments, and sculptures. Thus, human disturbance and illegal logging are serious issues, resulting in shrinking distribution range and decreasing wild populations due to ongoing habitat loss and fragmentation. We surveyed papers published by scholars in mainland China from 1978-2016. We searched titles, abstracts, and key words of the 37 species in China in three Chinese journal databases and Google scholar. In total, we found 153 papers on Ormosia species biology research, among which 134 papers were published in Chinese journals, with the remaining 18 published in international journals. Based on the literature review, this article summarized the research results on the ecological characteristics, tissue culture, physiology, biochemistry, genetics, endangered status, and protection strategies of the genus to further future study of Ormosia and save of these species.
2018, 36(3): 452-458.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2018.30452
Abstract：
Reintroduction and population restoration are widely recognized as effective measures for the conservation of endangered plant species. However, population restoration of endangered plants is very complex, resulting in few successful cases. In this review, issues such as genetic diversity, reproductive fitness, gene flow, outbreeding depression, and inbreeding depression in the restoration process of endangered plant species populations, are discussed to guide population restoration and reconstruction. During the reintroduction process, the restored populations are not only faced with genetic risks such as the rapid loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding depression but are also at risk of outbreeding depression due to the existence of closely related species near the reintroduced population, which ultimately leads to a decrease in genetic and ecological adaptability and lower reproductive ability and competitiveness. To improve the quality and efficiency of species protection, materials should be collected several times from different maternal plants of the same population to reestablish the new population, which will help maintain genetic integrity and sufficient genetic basis. The reintroduced population should be kept as far as possible from its close relatives. In addition, continuous monitoring and management are needed to ensure the success of reintroduction of endangered species.
Reintroduction and population restoration are widely recognized as effective measures for the conservation of endangered plant species. However, population restoration of endangered plants is very complex, resulting in few successful cases. In this review, issues such as genetic diversity, reproductive fitness, gene flow, outbreeding depression, and inbreeding depression in the restoration process of endangered plant species populations, are discussed to guide population restoration and reconstruction. During the reintroduction process, the restored populations are not only faced with genetic risks such as the rapid loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding depression but are also at risk of outbreeding depression due to the existence of closely related species near the reintroduced population, which ultimately leads to a decrease in genetic and ecological adaptability and lower reproductive ability and competitiveness. To improve the quality and efficiency of species protection, materials should be collected several times from different maternal plants of the same population to reestablish the new population, which will help maintain genetic integrity and sufficient genetic basis. The reintroduced population should be kept as far as possible from its close relatives. In addition, continuous monitoring and management are needed to ensure the success of reintroduction of endangered species.
2018, 36(3): 459-469.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2018.30459
Abstract：
The 14-3-3 protein is a ubiquitous and highly conserved protein in eukaryotic cells. In most species, it is encoded by one gene family and exists as a homologous or heterologous dimer. Different 14-3-3 protein isoforms have different cell specificities and interact with target proteins by identifying specific phosphorylation or non-phosphorylation sequences. The 14-3-3 protein in plants plays an important role in plant growth and development. In this paper, we reviewed the types, structures, sequences of phosphorylation or non-phosphorylation, and molecular mechanisms of plant 14-3-3 proteins under drought, cold, salinity, nutrition, and mechanical stress.
The 14-3-3 protein is a ubiquitous and highly conserved protein in eukaryotic cells. In most species, it is encoded by one gene family and exists as a homologous or heterologous dimer. Different 14-3-3 protein isoforms have different cell specificities and interact with target proteins by identifying specific phosphorylation or non-phosphorylation sequences. The 14-3-3 protein in plants plays an important role in plant growth and development. In this paper, we reviewed the types, structures, sequences of phosphorylation or non-phosphorylation, and molecular mechanisms of plant 14-3-3 proteins under drought, cold, salinity, nutrition, and mechanical stress.
2018, 36(3): 470-478.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2018.30470
Abstract：
This paper discusses the existing research methods of plant proteomics based on mass spectrometry by summarizing the qualitative and quantitative proteomics in both directions and reviewing the new technologies, methods, and applications of proteomics that have emerged in recent years, including targeted proteomics, DIA/SWATH, chemical proteomics, and multi-omics co-analysis.
This paper discusses the existing research methods of plant proteomics based on mass spectrometry by summarizing the qualitative and quantitative proteomics in both directions and reviewing the new technologies, methods, and applications of proteomics that have emerged in recent years, including targeted proteomics, DIA/SWATH, chemical proteomics, and multi-omics co-analysis.
