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2013  Vol. 31  No. 6

Abstract:
The floral vascular anatomy of Myosoton aquaticum and Stellaria media were compared by paraffin section,which supplied scientific data for systematy.Results on the floral vascular anatomy showed that:(1)Vascular of pedicel had three bundles that an unclosing ring,which scattered within the central region.(2)At the top-pedicel,bundles formed a closing meristem ring.(3)The meristem ring was radially divided into ten parietal bundles.Each bundle was divides into two,with 15 bundles linked to the sepals and five linked to the petals.These five bundles divided again to from 10 petal vasculars.(4)The meristem ring was radially divided into 10 bundles from stamen vascular.(5)In the locular region,the meristem ring was radially divided into four locular parictal bundles.Each locular parictal bundle divided into three to from 12 placental bundles,which were linked to the ovule everyone.The ovary wall had 16 bundles.It is appropriate that M.aquaticum belongs to Stellaria,based on the high similarity in vascular anatomy of M.aquaticum and S.media.
Abstract:
A new species of the genus Aconitum (Ranunculaceae),Aconitum rotundocas-sideum,is described here from Shaanxi Province.Having similar habit and galeiform upper sepals,this species is closely related to A.crassicaule W.T.Wang endemic to Gongshan County,Yunnan Province,though the latter differs by its flower arrangement in a panicle with three small 3-flowered racemes,usually arcuate pedicels,smaller rounded-galeiform or subglobose,conspicuously nerved,not beaked upper sepal and smaller lateral sepals, and 2-denticulate stamen filaments.
Abstract:
A new species of the genus Dendrocalamus Nees of Bambusoideae from China,D.longiauritus S.H.Chen,K.F.Huang et R.S.Chen,found in the Xiamen Botanical Garden,Fujian Province,is described and illustrated here.The new species is similar to D.minor (McClure) Chia et H.L.Fung,but differs by having one dominant branchlet at some nodes,culm-sheath auricle that is larger and distinct,long and narrow,connected with the base of the culm-sheath blade,regularly fold shape,wavilness oral setae 6-8 mm,sheath ligule 0.7-0.9 cm high,irregularly tearing shape,with gray-yellow flat long ciliates on the upside.
Abstract:
Compsopogon specimens were collected in Dingnanshui River from Longchuan County,Guangdong Province in August 2009.The morphological characters of the specimen were similar to Compsopogon caeruleus and C.sparsus.Plants were 10-18 cm high and 180-270 μm in diameter,main axes were slight constricted.Axial cells were nearly spherical and spheroidic,100-110 μm high and 150-200 μm in diameter.Cross wall was constricted apparently.Cortical cells were one layered while 2-3 layered at constricted axial cells,polygonal or ovoid shaped,25-35 μm long,20-25 μm in diameter.Branching horizontal and lateral,some basal cells specialized as rhizoid on the plants.Apex of branches acuminate,acute or binary.Monosporangia spherical,10-14 μm in diameter.The specimen may be a transitive type of C.caeruleus and C.sparsus in evolution.
Abstract:
Based on complex observation of type materials,real photos and collections,investigation of type locality and examination of original descriptions,some taxonomically uncertain Latin names under Phyllostachys Sieb.et Zucc.were discussed and verified.As a result,P.sapida Yi (=P.arcana McClure),P.balansae Nguyen (=P.bambusoides Sieb.et Zucc.),P.subulata W.T.Lin et Z.M.Wu (=P.bambusoides Sieb.et Zucc.f.shouzhu Yi),P.cantoniensis W.T.Lin (=P.heteroclada Oliv.),P.lofushanensis C.P.Wang et al.(=P.nidularia Munro f.basipilis G.H.Lai),P.aristata W.T.Lin (=P.nidularia Munro f.basipilis G.H.Lai),P.guizhouensis C.S.Chao et J.Q.Zhang (=P.nigra (Lodd.ex Lindl.) Munro var.henonis (Mitf.) Stapf ex Rendle),and P.lithophila Hayata (=P.sulphurea (Carr.) A.et C.Riv.var.viridis R.A.Young) were all reduced to synonyms;the systematic position of three species from Vietnam was proposed:P.caobangensis Nguyen may possibly be conspecific with P.bambusoides Sieb.et Zucc.,and P.baccanensis Nguyen and P.vietbacensis Nguyen conspecific with P.kwangsiensis W.Y.Hsiung et al.
Abstract:
The morphology and structure of the gametophores of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha were studied using light microscopy. New observations included:(1) The gametophores had distinct dorso-ventral differentiation and were highly specialized upright branches of the thallus bearing sex organs.(2) Two marginal ones of 9-11 rays of the female receptacle were distinguished by their slightly different sizes compared with others. There was no involucre between the two marginal ones. The dorsal region of the archegoniophore stalk was comprised of photosynthetic tissue,which extended laterally and formed two narrow grooves under the extended photosynthetic tissue. The ventral region of the stalk consisted of two-parallel rhizoid furrows half-wrapped by overlapping scales. (3) In contrast to the female archegoniophore,the antheridiophore stalk was smooth and no photosynthetic tissue or grooves were formed in the dorsal region. The umbrella-shaped female receptacle retained water,which could be released slowly along the grooves to form a tiny water flow,through which the spermatozoids swam to the archegonia. The morphology and structure of the Marchantia receptacles were adaptations to sexual reproduction,and can help us to understand the mechanism of fertilization in Marchantia.
Abstract:
Activation of different promoter fragments by fungal elicitors,dehydration,mechanical wounding,and ethylene were analyzed in transgenic tobacco using transcriptional fusions of FaChit1 5' upstream sequences to the GUS reporter gene (promoter-GUS expression vectors were designated as pFaChit1P-Ⅰ,pFaChit1P-Ⅱ and pFaChit1P-Ⅲ,respectively).Analysis of promoter deletion showed that the FaChit1 promoter conferred the strongest induction of GUS activity in response to treatment with fungal elicitors,but the least induction in response to mechanical wounding;GUS activity could be induced in response to four stress treatments in leaves containing the 651 bp upstream of the FaChit1 start codon,and the fragment between 935 bp and 233 bp upstream of the FaChit1 start codon was sufficient to direct gene expression in response to fungal elicitors,ethylene,dehydration,and mechanical wounding.Results indicated that the FaChit1 promoter was a multiple stress inducible promoter.
Abstract:
To study the antioxidant system of Nelumbo nucifera seedlings in response to arsenic stress, compared the influence of two valences of inorganic arsenic, As (Ⅲ) and As (V), on soluble protein content, malondialdehyde(MDA)and the antioxidant system. Results showed that: MDA and soluble protein content of N. nucifera seedlings increased and then decreased with increasing concentration; MDA and protein content were more sensitive to As(Ⅲ)than to As(V)treatment. The Superoxide Dismutase(SOD)was the most sensitive to arsenic treatment; when the concentration of As (Ⅲ)was 2.5 μmol/L and As(V)was 100 μmol/L, the activity of SOD increased significantly. When the concentration of As(Ⅲ) was 10 μmol/L, the activity of Peroxidase(POD)increased significantly. The Catalase(CAT)was more sensitive to As(V). From the experimental results, with the increase in arsenic concentration, the enzyme activities of SOD, CAT and POD increased, which can be used to eliminate reactive oxygen species(ROS) and maintain cell metabolism stability. This study provides some basic data for further study of N. nucifera physiology and growth change, cultivation and transplants with arsenic stress.
Abstract:
Research on Microlepia strigosa under natural drought stress treatment exhibited changes in physical properties.Stress increased relative conductivity,POD activity,soluble sugar and proline content.Soluble protein and MDA content high-low-high;SOD activity,chlorophyll content,total respiratory rate,net photosynthetic rate Intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance is on the decline;The CAT activity and Transpiration rate is raise-lower.The membrane system did not exhibit serious damage.The osmotic regulation system had good resistance to dehydration.The protective enzyme system played a role against free radicals;respiration and photosynthesis decreased significantly,but mainly for autonomic regulation of the plant.Results demonstrated that M.strigosa adapted to stress,and showed a strong ability of recovery after drought and exhibited certain endurance ability.
Abstract:
Effects of cadmium stress on seedlings growth and active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza were investigated. Results showed that cadmium stress inhibited seedlings growth and increased Cd2+ accumulation in both soil and seedlings. Moreover,both soluble protein content and membrane lipid peroxidation degree increased,while photosynthetic pigments content decreased under stress conditions. Compared with the control,in stressed S. miltiorrhiza leaves,the accumulation of six phenolic acid compounds showed different variant characteristics. Both caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid accumulation decreased significantly (p<0.05),while the content of protocatechuic acid increased (p>0.05),and the levels of tanshinol,protocatechuic aldehyde and salvianolic acid B decreased (p>0.05). However,the accumulations of the phenolic acids components and four tanshinone ingredients all decreased in stressed roots,and the variances of rosmarinic acid,dihydrotanshinone,tanshinone Ⅰ and cryptotanshinone were significant (p<0.05). Moreover,in the leaves of the stressed plant,the activities of PAL and TAT decreased significantly,but C4H and 4CL content increased significantly. These results showed that cadmium stress could reduce the production and quality of S. miltiorrhiza.
Abstract:
Triadica sebifera (Euphorbiaceae) is an important economic and ornamental tree species in South China. Here,we analyzed and compared tannins and flavonoids content in both tallow leaves and latex. We found that the content of two tannins and two flavonoids in latex were lower than those in leaves. This indicated that most tannins and flavonoids existed in tallow leaves. We also found that tannins and flavonoids content differed among seven populations,which may be associated with different habitats and herbivores.
Abstract:
This paper studied the differences in liposoluble and water-soluble constituents in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.and S.miltiorrhiza Bge.f.alba collected at different growth stages and areas.The equation model was used to analyze the accumulative process of active constituents with growth stage.The research determined theories for cultivation and quality control in S.miltiorrhiza.Results showed that the liposoluble content in S.miltiorrhiza bge.f. alba had two maximums values at the end of July and October, respectively, while the liposoluble content in S.miltiorrhiza Bge.reached a maximum value at the end of July.The water-soluble contents in S.miltiorrhiza Bge.and S.miltiorrhiza Bge.f.alba reached maximum values in June to July.The contents of active constituents in S.miltiorrhiza Bge.f. alba were higher than those in S.miltiorrhiza Bge.cultivated for two years.Content of rosmarinic acid aboveground was higher than that in the root in both S.miltiorrhiza.The content of salvianolic acid B in the roots was simulated with the first-order equation Y=-8.105X+81.047 and Y=-13.777X+117.917, respectively.The content of salvianolic acid B decreased with the growth of plants.
Abstract:
Xylem pressure probes are the only technique used currently to measure plant xylem pressure directly.This technique includes devices for accurate positioning, pressure probe systems and signal acquisition.Negative pressure of the xylem vessels is transmitted to the pressure sensor by conduction medium when the capillary probe punctures the xylem vessels, with the pressure then detected and transmitted to the data acquisition system.In this paper, the use and precautions of xylem pressure probes are described in detail, including the preparation of glass capillary probes, degassed water, pressure calibration, installation, and measurement of pressure probes.
Abstract:
The essential oils of Thymus vulgaris were extracted by steam distillation, organic solvent extraction and supercritical CO2 extraction.The amounts,compositions and relative contents of the essential oils extracted from the three methods were compared.The results showed that the amount of essential oils extracted by steam distillation was 0.21%,the main chemical components were thymol(36.53%), benzene,1-methyl-3-(1-methylethyl)-(14.13%),1,4-cyclohexadiene,1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)(8.09%), and caryophyllene(4.14%);the amount of essential oils extracted by organic solvent extraction was 0.19%,the main components were 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid,mono(2-ethylhexyl)ester(55.23%),thymol(8.73%),and 1,4-cyclohexadiene,1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)(5.23%);and the amount of essential oils extracted by supercritical CO2 extraction was 0.27%,the main components were thymol(26.68%),2-propenoic acid,3-phenyl-,methyl ester(21.55%), and benzene,1-methyl-3-(1-methylethyl)(9.69%).Based on the quality,major chemical compositions and extraction amount of essential oils,the steam distillation was the best method to extract essential oils from Thymus vulgaris.
Abstract:
The effects of different disinfectants on explants of Racomitrium japonicum were studied here. Suitable inoculation media were screened tentatively, and the effects of sucrose concentrations on growth of R. japonicum gametophytes were investigated. The results showed that a concentration of 0.02% HgCl2 for 45-60 seconds was optimal for initiation cultures from fragments of gametophytes pre-immersed in 2% detergent for a period of time. The suitable inoculation medium for sterile explants was organic culture medium MS. Protonemal colonies and young gametophytes then grew well when 3% sucrose was added.