2015 Vol. 33 No. 2
2015, 33(2): 133-140.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2015.20133
Abstract：
Using anatomy, color tests (CT)and thin layer chromatography (TLC), morphological and chemical studies on Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.)Ach. ex Schaer. and Thamnolia subuliformis (Ehrh.)W. L. Culb. were carried out, and variant under these two species have also been studied. Very few differences were observed between the original species and variant, though intermediate forms were found, and chemical compounds were the same, thus, T.vermicularis f.qomolangmana and T.subuliformis f.minor were synonymized. Taxonomic characteristics of Thamnolia are clarified, species boundaries are newly defined, and distribution ranges of the genus Thamnolia in China are discussed in this paper.
Using anatomy, color tests (CT)and thin layer chromatography (TLC), morphological and chemical studies on Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.)Ach. ex Schaer. and Thamnolia subuliformis (Ehrh.)W. L. Culb. were carried out, and variant under these two species have also been studied. Very few differences were observed between the original species and variant, though intermediate forms were found, and chemical compounds were the same, thus, T.vermicularis f.qomolangmana and T.subuliformis f.minor were synonymized. Taxonomic characteristics of Thamnolia are clarified, species boundaries are newly defined, and distribution ranges of the genus Thamnolia in China are discussed in this paper.
2015, 33(2): 141-143.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2015.20141
Abstract：
A species of the genus Aconitum (Ranunculaceae), A. luanchuanense, is described here as new from Henan Province, China. The morphological differences between it and its ally, A. coreanum, are given.
A species of the genus Aconitum (Ranunculaceae), A. luanchuanense, is described here as new from Henan Province, China. The morphological differences between it and its ally, A. coreanum, are given.
2015, 33(2): 144-150.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2015.20144
Abstract：
Five genera and nine taxa of centric and araphid diatoms were investigated from the Great Xing'an Mts. Three taxa belonging to two genera were newly recorded in China: Orthoseira roeseana (Rabenhorst) O'Meara, Fragilaria goulardii (Brébisson) Lange-Bertalot, and Fragilaria nitzschioides Grunow. Chinese descriptions of Orthoseira Thwaites, Pseudos-taurosira Williams & Round, Staurosirella Williams & Round and Staurosira (Ehrenberg) Williams & Round are provided in this paper, with few previous record from China. Detailed descriptions of the taxonomical and ecological features of the nine taxa are also provided here.
Five genera and nine taxa of centric and araphid diatoms were investigated from the Great Xing'an Mts. Three taxa belonging to two genera were newly recorded in China: Orthoseira roeseana (Rabenhorst) O'Meara, Fragilaria goulardii (Brébisson) Lange-Bertalot, and Fragilaria nitzschioides Grunow. Chinese descriptions of Orthoseira Thwaites, Pseudos-taurosira Williams & Round, Staurosirella Williams & Round and Staurosira (Ehrenberg) Williams & Round are provided in this paper, with few previous record from China. Detailed descriptions of the taxonomical and ecological features of the nine taxa are also provided here.
2015, 33(2): 151-157.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2015.20151
Abstract：
Pinus tabulaeformis is an important forestation species not only because of its forestry and industrial value, but also its ecological value in wind prevention, sand fixation, and water and soil forestry conservation. Due to its strong adaptability and tolerance to drought and poor soil, it is distributed widely in the Taihang Mountains. Using random sampling combined with the species richness, Pielou, Simpson and Shannon-Weiner indices, species and community diversities of P.tabulaeformis forests were comparatively studied in the Xiangyuan, Wuxiang, Huguan, Licheng, Pingshun and Tunliu regions of the southern Taihang Mountains. Results showed there were 81 species, belonging to 70 genera and 34 families in the P. tabulaeformis community in the six regions. Among them, there were 4 families, 4 genera and 5 species in the arbor layer, 7 families, 12 genera and 15 species in the shrub layer, and 23 families, 54 genera, and 61 species in the herb layer. The floral composition of genera in the southern Taihang Mountains was diversified, and exhibited some typical characteristics of warm-temperate composition. Species diversity of the different functional groups was herb layer > shrub layer > arbor layer in Xiangyuan, Wuxiang, Huguan, Licheng and Pingshun, but was herb layer=shrub layer > arbor layer in Tunliu. Community diversity of the six regions was in the order of Pingshun > Licheng > Xiangyuan > Wuxiang > Tunliu > Huguan. The community and species diversities of the P. tabulaeformis forests in the southern Taihang Mountains were influenced by many factors, including community succession, geographical and environmental factors and human disturbance.
Pinus tabulaeformis is an important forestation species not only because of its forestry and industrial value, but also its ecological value in wind prevention, sand fixation, and water and soil forestry conservation. Due to its strong adaptability and tolerance to drought and poor soil, it is distributed widely in the Taihang Mountains. Using random sampling combined with the species richness, Pielou, Simpson and Shannon-Weiner indices, species and community diversities of P.tabulaeformis forests were comparatively studied in the Xiangyuan, Wuxiang, Huguan, Licheng, Pingshun and Tunliu regions of the southern Taihang Mountains. Results showed there were 81 species, belonging to 70 genera and 34 families in the P. tabulaeformis community in the six regions. Among them, there were 4 families, 4 genera and 5 species in the arbor layer, 7 families, 12 genera and 15 species in the shrub layer, and 23 families, 54 genera, and 61 species in the herb layer. The floral composition of genera in the southern Taihang Mountains was diversified, and exhibited some typical characteristics of warm-temperate composition. Species diversity of the different functional groups was herb layer > shrub layer > arbor layer in Xiangyuan, Wuxiang, Huguan, Licheng and Pingshun, but was herb layer=shrub layer > arbor layer in Tunliu. Community diversity of the six regions was in the order of Pingshun > Licheng > Xiangyuan > Wuxiang > Tunliu > Huguan. The community and species diversities of the P. tabulaeformis forests in the southern Taihang Mountains were influenced by many factors, including community succession, geographical and environmental factors and human disturbance.
2015, 33(2): 158-164.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2015.20158
Abstract：
The distribution patterns of the Pinus tabulaeformis population in the National Nature Reserve of Lingkong Mountain in Shanxi Province were studied using geostatistics. According to the data of 4 hm2 sample plots, the semivariances of the P. tabulaeformis diameter grades were calculated, semivariogram models were simulated, and Kriging interpolation was performed to draw Kriging maps showing different diameter grades. Results showed that the semivariograms of diameter gradesⅠ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ well fit the exponential model, while diameter grade Ⅱ fit the spherical model, suggesting aggregated spatial distribution patterns in all four diameter grades. In addition, all diameter grades exhibited medium spatial correlation with the range of spatial autocorrelation of 23.4 m, 15.2 m, 11.1 m and 24.9 m, respectively, and the fractal dimensions were ranked as: diameter grade Ⅱ (1.999) > diameter grade Ⅲ (1.995) > diameter grade Ⅳ (1.973) > diameter grade Ⅰ (1.969). The semivariances of height were basically the same as the semivariances of diameter at breast height (DBH), which further verified the accuracy of our analysis. The Kriging map drawn by the Surfer software demonstrated the patch aggregation of the P. tabulaeformis population. The semivariance analysis and Kriging interpolation methods filled the loopholes of traditional population spatial distribution analyses, and were advantageous in revealing the changes in spatial pattern and aggregate intensity for more precise studies of plant patterns in the landscape.
The distribution patterns of the Pinus tabulaeformis population in the National Nature Reserve of Lingkong Mountain in Shanxi Province were studied using geostatistics. According to the data of 4 hm2 sample plots, the semivariances of the P. tabulaeformis diameter grades were calculated, semivariogram models were simulated, and Kriging interpolation was performed to draw Kriging maps showing different diameter grades. Results showed that the semivariograms of diameter gradesⅠ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ well fit the exponential model, while diameter grade Ⅱ fit the spherical model, suggesting aggregated spatial distribution patterns in all four diameter grades. In addition, all diameter grades exhibited medium spatial correlation with the range of spatial autocorrelation of 23.4 m, 15.2 m, 11.1 m and 24.9 m, respectively, and the fractal dimensions were ranked as: diameter grade Ⅱ (1.999) > diameter grade Ⅲ (1.995) > diameter grade Ⅳ (1.973) > diameter grade Ⅰ (1.969). The semivariances of height were basically the same as the semivariances of diameter at breast height (DBH), which further verified the accuracy of our analysis. The Kriging map drawn by the Surfer software demonstrated the patch aggregation of the P. tabulaeformis population. The semivariance analysis and Kriging interpolation methods filled the loopholes of traditional population spatial distribution analyses, and were advantageous in revealing the changes in spatial pattern and aggregate intensity for more precise studies of plant patterns in the landscape.
2015, 33(2): 165-175.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2015.20165
Abstract：
Emmenopterys henryi Oliv., belonging to the genus Emmenopterys in the family Rubiaceae, is a rare and endangered second class state-protected plant in China. The population size of wild E. henryi has declined rapidly due to habitat destruction, overex-ploitation, and poor natural regeneration. Using variance analysis, multiple comparisons and principal component analysis, the growth characteristics and main influencing factors of E. henryi root sprouts were investigated and analyzed. The results showed that the number of E. henryi root sprouts decreased with increasing age, and one-year-old root sprouts showed the highest mortality. Height and stem base diameter both showed exponential equations with monthly increases in the age of root sprouts. Most root sprouts generated southeast of (120°-150°) and within 2 m of their mother tree, and growth occurred mainly from exposed roots with a diameter of 2 cm and a length of 30 cm. The height of the root sprouts was influenced less by orientation around the mother tree, but more by the diameter and length of the exposed roots from where the sprouts generated. Compared with other sides, root sprouts growing south of the mother tree showed significantly larger stem base diameters and reached a maximum at 168.75°. The crown breadths of the root sprouts from the east and west were larger than those from the north and south. Morphological indices, including height, stem base diameter, and crown breadth of the root sprouts, declined with increasing distance from the trunk of the mother trees. The morphological indices firstly increased and then decreased with increasing diameters of the exposed roots, with the height and stem base diameter of the root sprouts reaching a maximum when the diameter of the exposed roots was 6.5 cm. The indices showed a reverse trend with increasing length of the exposed roots. The mortality of the root sprouts beyond the crown of the mother tree was larger than that under the crown. Principal component analysis indicated that light conditions, soil organic matter content, gravel coverage, and moderate artificial interferences were the main factors promoting E.henryi root sprout growth. To maintain development and realize natural regeneration of the E.henryi population, the canopy density of E. henryi should be reduced and artificial cultivations increased.
Emmenopterys henryi Oliv., belonging to the genus Emmenopterys in the family Rubiaceae, is a rare and endangered second class state-protected plant in China. The population size of wild E. henryi has declined rapidly due to habitat destruction, overex-ploitation, and poor natural regeneration. Using variance analysis, multiple comparisons and principal component analysis, the growth characteristics and main influencing factors of E. henryi root sprouts were investigated and analyzed. The results showed that the number of E. henryi root sprouts decreased with increasing age, and one-year-old root sprouts showed the highest mortality. Height and stem base diameter both showed exponential equations with monthly increases in the age of root sprouts. Most root sprouts generated southeast of (120°-150°) and within 2 m of their mother tree, and growth occurred mainly from exposed roots with a diameter of 2 cm and a length of 30 cm. The height of the root sprouts was influenced less by orientation around the mother tree, but more by the diameter and length of the exposed roots from where the sprouts generated. Compared with other sides, root sprouts growing south of the mother tree showed significantly larger stem base diameters and reached a maximum at 168.75°. The crown breadths of the root sprouts from the east and west were larger than those from the north and south. Morphological indices, including height, stem base diameter, and crown breadth of the root sprouts, declined with increasing distance from the trunk of the mother trees. The morphological indices firstly increased and then decreased with increasing diameters of the exposed roots, with the height and stem base diameter of the root sprouts reaching a maximum when the diameter of the exposed roots was 6.5 cm. The indices showed a reverse trend with increasing length of the exposed roots. The mortality of the root sprouts beyond the crown of the mother tree was larger than that under the crown. Principal component analysis indicated that light conditions, soil organic matter content, gravel coverage, and moderate artificial interferences were the main factors promoting E.henryi root sprout growth. To maintain development and realize natural regeneration of the E.henryi population, the canopy density of E. henryi should be reduced and artificial cultivations increased.
2015, 33(2): 176-185.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2015.20176
Abstract：
Based on 1500 bryophyte sample collections and literature review, 206 species in 65 genera and 34 families of bryophytes from nine districts of Chongqing city are reported in the present paper. Twenty-five species belonging to 14 genera and 13 families were liverworts, and 181 species belonging to 51 genera and 21 families were mosses. Eighty species were recorded in Chongqing city for the first time. The checklist is provided below. Families with more than nine species included Pottiaceae, Brachytheciaceae, Bryaceae, Hypnaceae, Entodontaceae and Thuidiaceae, accounting for 62.14% of total species. Genera with more than five species included Brachythecium, Bryum, Entodon, Eurhynchium, Trichostomum, Fissidens, Hyophila and Hypnum, accounting for 41.26% of total species. Among the floristic types, North Temperate and East Asia were dominant, accounting for 32.75% and 30.41%, respectively, followed by tropical and endemic types. Compared with four adjacent areas, bryoflora in the nine districts of Chongqing had the highest similarity index with the urban area of Hangzhou at both the genera and species levels, but lower similarity indices with the three closer areas. This could be attributed to the same latitude and man-made urban habitats in the nine districts of Chongqing and the urban area of Hangzhou. The present study provides more information about bryophyte flora of Chongqing city, which will be helpful for compiling a bryophyte checklist for the whole city.
Based on 1500 bryophyte sample collections and literature review, 206 species in 65 genera and 34 families of bryophytes from nine districts of Chongqing city are reported in the present paper. Twenty-five species belonging to 14 genera and 13 families were liverworts, and 181 species belonging to 51 genera and 21 families were mosses. Eighty species were recorded in Chongqing city for the first time. The checklist is provided below. Families with more than nine species included Pottiaceae, Brachytheciaceae, Bryaceae, Hypnaceae, Entodontaceae and Thuidiaceae, accounting for 62.14% of total species. Genera with more than five species included Brachythecium, Bryum, Entodon, Eurhynchium, Trichostomum, Fissidens, Hyophila and Hypnum, accounting for 41.26% of total species. Among the floristic types, North Temperate and East Asia were dominant, accounting for 32.75% and 30.41%, respectively, followed by tropical and endemic types. Compared with four adjacent areas, bryoflora in the nine districts of Chongqing had the highest similarity index with the urban area of Hangzhou at both the genera and species levels, but lower similarity indices with the three closer areas. This could be attributed to the same latitude and man-made urban habitats in the nine districts of Chongqing and the urban area of Hangzhou. The present study provides more information about bryophyte flora of Chongqing city, which will be helpful for compiling a bryophyte checklist for the whole city.
2015, 33(2): 186-194.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2015.20186
Abstract：
DGAT2, a rate-limiting enzyme of the TAG biosynthesis pathway, was coded by the acyltransferase supergene family. Genome-wide analysis revealed 73 acyltransferase supergene family members and five DGAT2s in the genomes of Ricinus communis L., Arabidopsis thaliana Heynh., Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray. and Manihot esculenta Crantz. based on the whole genome database Phytozome. Analysis of the physical and chemical properties and transmembrane domains indicated that DGAT2s were hydrophobic transmembrane proteins, and DGAT2s of M.esculenta differed from the others due to their single transmembrane domain and wide chloroplast membrane distribution. We concluded that functional differentiation of M.esculenta DGAT2s may exist and DGAT2s may be involved in the anti-stress pathways in M.esculenta.
DGAT2, a rate-limiting enzyme of the TAG biosynthesis pathway, was coded by the acyltransferase supergene family. Genome-wide analysis revealed 73 acyltransferase supergene family members and five DGAT2s in the genomes of Ricinus communis L., Arabidopsis thaliana Heynh., Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray. and Manihot esculenta Crantz. based on the whole genome database Phytozome. Analysis of the physical and chemical properties and transmembrane domains indicated that DGAT2s were hydrophobic transmembrane proteins, and DGAT2s of M.esculenta differed from the others due to their single transmembrane domain and wide chloroplast membrane distribution. We concluded that functional differentiation of M.esculenta DGAT2s may exist and DGAT2s may be involved in the anti-stress pathways in M.esculenta.
2015, 33(2): 195-202.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2015.20195
Abstract：
To understand the mechanisms underpinning the invasion of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. in diverse water regimes, we compared its morphological traits, osmotic potential and methionine synthase (MS) gene expression with its native congener A. sessilis (Linn.) DC., which mainly occurs in moist terrestrial habitats in China. Results showed that A. philoxeroides exhibited greater phenotypic plasticity and possessed a more effective mechanism for osmotic adjustment than that of A. sessilis. The MS gene exhibited an ‘up-down’ expression pattern in A. philoxeroides: its mRNA levels increased during the first 3 hours of flooding treatments and then fell rapidly thereafter. Thus, higher flexibility in the internal environment and gene expression adjustment may play an important role in the rapid responses of A. philoxeroides to water regime changes, which are associated with its invasiveness.
To understand the mechanisms underpinning the invasion of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. in diverse water regimes, we compared its morphological traits, osmotic potential and methionine synthase (MS) gene expression with its native congener A. sessilis (Linn.) DC., which mainly occurs in moist terrestrial habitats in China. Results showed that A. philoxeroides exhibited greater phenotypic plasticity and possessed a more effective mechanism for osmotic adjustment than that of A. sessilis. The MS gene exhibited an ‘up-down’ expression pattern in A. philoxeroides: its mRNA levels increased during the first 3 hours of flooding treatments and then fell rapidly thereafter. Thus, higher flexibility in the internal environment and gene expression adjustment may play an important role in the rapid responses of A. philoxeroides to water regime changes, which are associated with its invasiveness.
2015, 33(2): 203-209.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2015.20203
Abstract：
Container grafted seedlings of three-year-old loquat (Eriobotrya japonica ‘Zaozhong No.6’) were treated at 0℃, -1℃ and -3℃ in phytotron to determine the mechanism of responses of membrane phospholipid and related enzymes in young loquat fruits under low temperature stress. Results showed that the activities of phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) and lipoxygenase (LOX, EC 1.13.11.12) increased in young loquat fruits under different low temperature stress. The contents of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) decreased due to gradual degradation. Phosphatidic acid (PA) accumulations increased, and the membrane-associated Ca2+ contents were reduced to different degrees. With increasing stress time and decreasing stress temperature, the activities of PLD and LOX increased, resulting in accelerated PC, PI degradations and PA accumulation. The decrease in PC content was greater than that of PI content in the membranes of young loquat fruits under low temperature stress. There was a negative correlation between PLD, LOX activities and membrane-associated Ca2+ contents. The increase in PLD and LOX activities was caused by the decrease in membrane-associated Ca2+ contents. Meanwhile, the decrease in membrane-associated Ca2+ contents resulted in stable decreases in membrane structure, which aggravated membrane damage due to lipid degradation and peroxidation. The damage to the cell membranes of young fruits was most serious under low temperature stress at -3℃ for 4-6 h. The signal system of Ca2+·CaM may be involved in regulating PLD and LOX activities of young loquat fruits under low temperature stress.
Container grafted seedlings of three-year-old loquat (Eriobotrya japonica ‘Zaozhong No.6’) were treated at 0℃, -1℃ and -3℃ in phytotron to determine the mechanism of responses of membrane phospholipid and related enzymes in young loquat fruits under low temperature stress. Results showed that the activities of phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) and lipoxygenase (LOX, EC 1.13.11.12) increased in young loquat fruits under different low temperature stress. The contents of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) decreased due to gradual degradation. Phosphatidic acid (PA) accumulations increased, and the membrane-associated Ca2+ contents were reduced to different degrees. With increasing stress time and decreasing stress temperature, the activities of PLD and LOX increased, resulting in accelerated PC, PI degradations and PA accumulation. The decrease in PC content was greater than that of PI content in the membranes of young loquat fruits under low temperature stress. There was a negative correlation between PLD, LOX activities and membrane-associated Ca2+ contents. The increase in PLD and LOX activities was caused by the decrease in membrane-associated Ca2+ contents. Meanwhile, the decrease in membrane-associated Ca2+ contents resulted in stable decreases in membrane structure, which aggravated membrane damage due to lipid degradation and peroxidation. The damage to the cell membranes of young fruits was most serious under low temperature stress at -3℃ for 4-6 h. The signal system of Ca2+·CaM may be involved in regulating PLD and LOX activities of young loquat fruits under low temperature stress.
2015, 33(2): 210-217.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2015.20210
Abstract：
Using Pak-Choi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino) variety ‘Xinaiqing’ as the tested material, we investigated the effects of waterlogging with different stress depth on its photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence. Results showed that: under 5 d waterlogging, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), photosystemⅡ (Fv/Fm) of the surface submergence of soil and the semi-submergence of plants were significantly lower, accounting for 43.1% and 22.1%, 26.4% and 14.3%, 40.2% and 33.2%, and 87.9% and 77.1% of the control, respectively. Chlorophyll content, effective photochemical quantum yield (Yield) and electron transport rate (ETR) were also significantly decreased. Water use efficiency (WUE) and coefficient of photochemical quenching (qP) during root submergence were slightly lower, but significantly decreased during the semi-submergence of plants. However, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qN) of the surface submergence of soil and the semi-submergence of plants were significantly increased, accounting for 105.3% and 115.6%, and 120.6% and 147.4% of the control, respectively. The above results indicated that there were significant effects on photosynthetic characteristics under waterlogging stress, and these parameters showed greater change under submergence waterlogging stress than that under root waterlogging stress.
Using Pak-Choi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino) variety ‘Xinaiqing’ as the tested material, we investigated the effects of waterlogging with different stress depth on its photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence. Results showed that: under 5 d waterlogging, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), photosystemⅡ (Fv/Fm) of the surface submergence of soil and the semi-submergence of plants were significantly lower, accounting for 43.1% and 22.1%, 26.4% and 14.3%, 40.2% and 33.2%, and 87.9% and 77.1% of the control, respectively. Chlorophyll content, effective photochemical quantum yield (Yield) and electron transport rate (ETR) were also significantly decreased. Water use efficiency (WUE) and coefficient of photochemical quenching (qP) during root submergence were slightly lower, but significantly decreased during the semi-submergence of plants. However, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qN) of the surface submergence of soil and the semi-submergence of plants were significantly increased, accounting for 105.3% and 115.6%, and 120.6% and 147.4% of the control, respectively. The above results indicated that there were significant effects on photosynthetic characteristics under waterlogging stress, and these parameters showed greater change under submergence waterlogging stress than that under root waterlogging stress.
2015, 33(2): 218-225.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2015.20218
Abstract：
The effects of exogenous copper ion stress on seedling growth, physiological properties and efficacy component contents in Andrographis paniculata were investigated using a pot experiment. Results showed obvious effects of exogenous copper ion stress on seedling growth, physiological and biochemical indexes, and contents of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in A. paniculata. Seedling growth was markedly inhibited as the concentration of copper-bath increased to more than 6.25 mmol/L, and the inhibiting effect became stronger with both increasing stress time and copper ion concentration. Both SOD activity and MDA content increased with stress time and copper ion concentration. The SOD activity reached 168.3% and 171.18% in the control group, respectively, when the concentration of the copper-bath reached 12.5 mmol/L and stress time was 20 and 30 days, but the activities of POD and CAT showed increasing trends at first, followed by decreasing trends. Compared with the control, the medicinal compositions of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide decreased significantly (P<0.05) at a exogenous copper-bath concentration of 1.25 mmol/L. Our results demonstrated that when the exogenous copper-bath concentration was greater than 6.25 mmol/L, there was an observable effect on the physiological properties and the effective constituent contents in A. paniculata, resulting in a reduction in both production and quality.
The effects of exogenous copper ion stress on seedling growth, physiological properties and efficacy component contents in Andrographis paniculata were investigated using a pot experiment. Results showed obvious effects of exogenous copper ion stress on seedling growth, physiological and biochemical indexes, and contents of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in A. paniculata. Seedling growth was markedly inhibited as the concentration of copper-bath increased to more than 6.25 mmol/L, and the inhibiting effect became stronger with both increasing stress time and copper ion concentration. Both SOD activity and MDA content increased with stress time and copper ion concentration. The SOD activity reached 168.3% and 171.18% in the control group, respectively, when the concentration of the copper-bath reached 12.5 mmol/L and stress time was 20 and 30 days, but the activities of POD and CAT showed increasing trends at first, followed by decreasing trends. Compared with the control, the medicinal compositions of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide decreased significantly (P<0.05) at a exogenous copper-bath concentration of 1.25 mmol/L. Our results demonstrated that when the exogenous copper-bath concentration was greater than 6.25 mmol/L, there was an observable effect on the physiological properties and the effective constituent contents in A. paniculata, resulting in a reduction in both production and quality.
2015, 33(2): 226-236.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2015.20226
Abstract：
Leaf pruning is a new practical technology for improving tobacco growth and leaf quality. To study the impacts of different leaf pruning patterns on growth and leaf polyphenol content in white burley, field experiments were carried out in Enshi Prefecture of Hubei Province. The leaf area, chlorophyll content index (CCI), biomass of each organ, and superior and inferior leaf polyphenol content were investigated. Results showed that leaf pruning significantly influenced the growth and leaf polyphenol content in white burley. Field leaf pruning increased the leaf area and CCI value at different leaf positions, and regulated and improved the translocation of organ biomass and nutrient substances, as well as the distribution of polyphenols in different leaf positions. At the same time, the response of different leaf pruning patterns was varied. Leaf pruning at the fast-growing stage (WZ) improved leaf quality for the whole tobacco plant, while leaf pruning at the later rosette stage (TH) only improved leaf quality for the upward leaves. In conclusion, based on traditional cultural and production conditions, leaf pruning could improve white burley growth and leaf quality.
Leaf pruning is a new practical technology for improving tobacco growth and leaf quality. To study the impacts of different leaf pruning patterns on growth and leaf polyphenol content in white burley, field experiments were carried out in Enshi Prefecture of Hubei Province. The leaf area, chlorophyll content index (CCI), biomass of each organ, and superior and inferior leaf polyphenol content were investigated. Results showed that leaf pruning significantly influenced the growth and leaf polyphenol content in white burley. Field leaf pruning increased the leaf area and CCI value at different leaf positions, and regulated and improved the translocation of organ biomass and nutrient substances, as well as the distribution of polyphenols in different leaf positions. At the same time, the response of different leaf pruning patterns was varied. Leaf pruning at the fast-growing stage (WZ) improved leaf quality for the whole tobacco plant, while leaf pruning at the later rosette stage (TH) only improved leaf quality for the upward leaves. In conclusion, based on traditional cultural and production conditions, leaf pruning could improve white burley growth and leaf quality.
2015, 33(2): 237-243.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2015.20237
Abstract：
Selecting tea and soil from four tea gardens, Guiding, Duyun, Fenggang and Meitan, as test materials, we tested the content of zinc and selenium in different tea leaves and planting soils. We also studied the differences in zinc and selenium content in different soil types and depths, the differences in zinc and selenium content in new tea leaves (one bud two leaves) and leaves older than one year, and also the relationship between content in soil and leaves. With the increase in soil depth from 0-20 cm to 20-40 cm, the content of zinc increased from 2.0% to 18.0%, respectively, but the content of selenium did not change significantly. The content of zinc and selenium showed significant differences in different soils and soil depths in the same plots (Sig.< 0.01), but the differences exhibited no obvious regular change. The content of zinc and selenium in new tea leaves were 2.3 to 4.0 times and 1.2 to 3.0 times higher, respectively, than that in old leaves (greater than one year old). The content of zinc and selenium in new tea leaves had a positive correlation with the content in soil, and there was a positive correlation between zinc and selenium content in new leaves. Results showed that zinc and selenium came from pedogenic rock, and directly affected tea quality. Thus, the selection of a reasonable soil type is important in regards to high-quality tea and tea garden construction.
Selecting tea and soil from four tea gardens, Guiding, Duyun, Fenggang and Meitan, as test materials, we tested the content of zinc and selenium in different tea leaves and planting soils. We also studied the differences in zinc and selenium content in different soil types and depths, the differences in zinc and selenium content in new tea leaves (one bud two leaves) and leaves older than one year, and also the relationship between content in soil and leaves. With the increase in soil depth from 0-20 cm to 20-40 cm, the content of zinc increased from 2.0% to 18.0%, respectively, but the content of selenium did not change significantly. The content of zinc and selenium showed significant differences in different soils and soil depths in the same plots (Sig.< 0.01), but the differences exhibited no obvious regular change. The content of zinc and selenium in new tea leaves were 2.3 to 4.0 times and 1.2 to 3.0 times higher, respectively, than that in old leaves (greater than one year old). The content of zinc and selenium in new tea leaves had a positive correlation with the content in soil, and there was a positive correlation between zinc and selenium content in new leaves. Results showed that zinc and selenium came from pedogenic rock, and directly affected tea quality. Thus, the selection of a reasonable soil type is important in regards to high-quality tea and tea garden construction.
2015, 33(2): 244-250.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2015.20244
Abstract：
Ten lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) cultivars were used to investigate the amounts and chemical composition of iron plaque on the rhizome surface. Iron formed a continuous precipitate on the rhizome surface. ‘Jiantoubaihe’ had the largest amounts of total Fe on the surface of the lotus rhizomes, followed by ‘Elian No.6’ and ‘Wenzhoushangdongou’, with ‘Elian No.7’ and ‘Suzhouhuaou’ having the least total Fe. Most of the total Fe was Fe (Ⅲ) (64.1%-85.8%), with a small percentage of Fe (Ⅱ) (14.2%-35.9%). Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) demonstrated that the iron plaque was unevenly distributed on the rhizome surface, and had a porous or flocculent structure. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) showed that the iron plaque mainly contained Fe, C, O, Al and Si. In addition K, P and Ca were also detected on the rhizome surface of ‘Jiantoubaihe’. Among the ten cultivars, ‘Elian No.7’ and ‘Suzhouhuaou’ formed the thinnest iron plaque.
Ten lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) cultivars were used to investigate the amounts and chemical composition of iron plaque on the rhizome surface. Iron formed a continuous precipitate on the rhizome surface. ‘Jiantoubaihe’ had the largest amounts of total Fe on the surface of the lotus rhizomes, followed by ‘Elian No.6’ and ‘Wenzhoushangdongou’, with ‘Elian No.7’ and ‘Suzhouhuaou’ having the least total Fe. Most of the total Fe was Fe (Ⅲ) (64.1%-85.8%), with a small percentage of Fe (Ⅱ) (14.2%-35.9%). Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) demonstrated that the iron plaque was unevenly distributed on the rhizome surface, and had a porous or flocculent structure. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) showed that the iron plaque mainly contained Fe, C, O, Al and Si. In addition K, P and Ca were also detected on the rhizome surface of ‘Jiantoubaihe’. Among the ten cultivars, ‘Elian No.7’ and ‘Suzhouhuaou’ formed the thinnest iron plaque.
2015, 33(2): 251-258.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2015.20251
Abstract：
We analyzed the volatile chemical components of Caryophylli Flos from different habitats using headspace solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and roughly quantified by peak area normalization. In total, 72 peaks were identified from 13 batches of Caryophylli Flos. Among the volatile chemical components, Eugenol and (-)-α-Selinene accounted for the first two main components, with third-ranked components of the four habitats being cis-α-bisabolene (Madagascar Tamatave, average 3.75%), Ocimene (Guangdong Province, China, average 4.21%), Santolinatriene (Guangxi Province, China, average 3.74%), Humulene (Indonesia Java, average 3.60%). These results suggest that the volatile components of Caryophylli Flos differed in different regions, but showed similarities within the same region. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, results showed that the four habitat samples of Caryophylli Flos were not only easily distinguished, but also reflected a genetic relationship between them. HS-SPME-GC-MS combined with stoichiometry (PCA and cluster analysis) was able to distinguish the four origins of Caryophylli Flos. This study provided a new approach for the comparison and quality assessment of Caryophylli Flos from different habitats.
We analyzed the volatile chemical components of Caryophylli Flos from different habitats using headspace solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and roughly quantified by peak area normalization. In total, 72 peaks were identified from 13 batches of Caryophylli Flos. Among the volatile chemical components, Eugenol and (-)-α-Selinene accounted for the first two main components, with third-ranked components of the four habitats being cis-α-bisabolene (Madagascar Tamatave, average 3.75%), Ocimene (Guangdong Province, China, average 4.21%), Santolinatriene (Guangxi Province, China, average 3.74%), Humulene (Indonesia Java, average 3.60%). These results suggest that the volatile components of Caryophylli Flos differed in different regions, but showed similarities within the same region. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, results showed that the four habitat samples of Caryophylli Flos were not only easily distinguished, but also reflected a genetic relationship between them. HS-SPME-GC-MS combined with stoichiometry (PCA and cluster analysis) was able to distinguish the four origins of Caryophylli Flos. This study provided a new approach for the comparison and quality assessment of Caryophylli Flos from different habitats.
2015, 33(2): 259-263.
DOI: 10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2015.20259
Abstract：
To investigate the dynamic changes of ferulic acids (total ferulic acid and free ferulic acid) and coniferyl ferulate in fresh Chuanxiong Rhizoma during the sun-drying process, the contents of both were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Results revealed that the contents of total ferulic acid, free ferulic acid and coniferyl ferulate showed an increasing trend at first and then a decreasing trend during the drying process (30 d). The maximum total ferulic acid content (0.23%) was found on the third day after drying. To retain the contents of total ferulic acid, quick drying technology should be used on the third day after drying. The results also suggested that coniferyl ferulate might serve as a storage of free ferulic acid, and the relationship between of physiological response and water content of ferulic acid accumulation in Chuanxiong Rhizoma during the drying process has important significance. Coniferyl ferulate was hydrolyzed into ferulic acid and coniferyl alcohol during processing. Ferulic acid was found to be the efficacy component of Chuanxiong Rhizoma, so total ferulic acid content as an index of Chuanxiong Rhizoma quality is scientific and reasonable.
To investigate the dynamic changes of ferulic acids (total ferulic acid and free ferulic acid) and coniferyl ferulate in fresh Chuanxiong Rhizoma during the sun-drying process, the contents of both were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Results revealed that the contents of total ferulic acid, free ferulic acid and coniferyl ferulate showed an increasing trend at first and then a decreasing trend during the drying process (30 d). The maximum total ferulic acid content (0.23%) was found on the third day after drying. To retain the contents of total ferulic acid, quick drying technology should be used on the third day after drying. The results also suggested that coniferyl ferulate might serve as a storage of free ferulic acid, and the relationship between of physiological response and water content of ferulic acid accumulation in Chuanxiong Rhizoma during the drying process has important significance. Coniferyl ferulate was hydrolyzed into ferulic acid and coniferyl alcohol during processing. Ferulic acid was found to be the efficacy component of Chuanxiong Rhizoma, so total ferulic acid content as an index of Chuanxiong Rhizoma quality is scientific and reasonable.
Abstract：
The hairy roots of plants can be induced by the root inducing plasmid (Ri) of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. With high growth rate and genetic stability, the hairy root system can be used in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites as wild-type roots. The in vitro hairy root culture system provides a new process with active medicinal plant ingredients in the industrial fermentation of commercial-scale bioreactor technology. This paper summarizes the genetic transformation mechanism of hairy roots induced by the Ri plasmid of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, and the current research on secondary metabolites of hairy roots and directions of future research, thereby offering a new perspective on the study of secondary metabolites of hairy roots at the level of gene expression.
The hairy roots of plants can be induced by the root inducing plasmid (Ri) of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. With high growth rate and genetic stability, the hairy root system can be used in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites as wild-type roots. The in vitro hairy root culture system provides a new process with active medicinal plant ingredients in the industrial fermentation of commercial-scale bioreactor technology. This paper summarizes the genetic transformation mechanism of hairy roots induced by the Ri plasmid of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, and the current research on secondary metabolites of hairy roots and directions of future research, thereby offering a new perspective on the study of secondary metabolites of hairy roots at the level of gene expression.
